AN ANALYSIS OF MORPHEME IN BLACK PANTHER MOVIES: MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH

This study aims to identify the types of morphemes and the category of the bound morphemes used in Black Panther Movie, the researcher chose to analyze the black panther morpheme because it is interesting, the language in the film is not only English, and the words used are simple. Has a complex and compelling storyline. The film then shone at the Oscars because many people enjoyed it and wanted to see it. And, when considering the issues and perspectives presented, Black Panther was so successful that it was accepted by the world and received numerous awards. The researchers used observation technique to collect the data by watching the movie, taking notes, and classifying the data into each category. The data then were analyzed qualitatively through three stages, namely data reduction, data display, and verification, after gathering all the data from the Black Panther film, the researchers will choose and simplify the information that will be used in the analysis. The data were be organized and classified into the derivational and inflectional morphemes after the reduction procedure is complete in order to be presented. After completing the processes, the researcher confirmed the data in accordance with the study's objectives and draw conclusions from the already-analyzed data. Categorizing the data into certain types of morphemes is based on Booij, who classified type of morpheme into free morphemes and bound morphemes. Further data classification whether the data is included in free morpheme or bound morpheme is based on Booji, Salzmann, and Yule. This study found 341 free morphemes and 76 bound morphemes in Black Panther Movie, which the number of inflectional morphemes (56 data) are more than derivational morphemes (20 data). Most of the data found in this study are free morphemes, because in the black panther film they talk more about the problems of people who are doing war.


INTRODUCTION
English is an international language which most country used as their first language to communicate with people from other country. English is probably that one language that every student in every country learns in their school aside from their main language. And this makes English as one of the most popular language that everyone wants to master, as most people in this universe know English language basically in minimum. According to (Yule, 1985), language is a type of communication tools that can be used for different types of situation, whether it is for communicative signals or informative signals. In other words, people can say that it is a tool for us to express what is in our mind to others. Thus, it makes us have to clearly understand the word as clearly as possible so that we do not make any mistake that can turn into a disturbance.
Knowing English language well might make it possible for people to communicate easily and efficiently. Therefore, people must learn English language from the root. In morphology, there are study about the forming of words and also study about the root of a language is every word that we used to communicate. According to (Booij, 2007), morphology is the sub-discipline of linguistics that deals with patterns of the word formation. To make a good sentence, researcher need to understand clearly and deeply about each word that is formed so as not to deviate from its real meaning. Even more, Indonesian people are not a native English speaker, and this can make them make a mistake by accident as people in Indonesian are not familiar to the language in the first place. Because in English, one other letter added in a word might add other meaning to the word that is different from what we thought of, and this can be learnt in Morpheme studies which is the sub-subject of the Morphology studies.
According to (Booij, 2007), there are 2 types of morpheme, namely: free morpheme and bound morpheme (affixes) and according to (Salzmann et al., 2011) there are 2 categories in bound morpheme, namely: derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. According to (Booij, 2007), free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone without the help of other morphemes; these morphemes are also known as lexical morphemes and are better known as functionally grammatical morphemes. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are included in free morphemes with lexical content, whereas articles, prepositions, and conjunctions are included in functionally grammatical morphemes. (Booij, 2007) defines bound morphemes as morphemes that cannot stand alone and must be joined or attached to other morphemes. Inflectional and derived morphology are the two types of bound morphemes. According to (Salzmann et al., 2011), inflectional morphology is the process of changing words that adhere to grammatical formulas, as well as teaching how to change words into sentences in the singular or plural, and in the final or present tense. Meanwhile according to, (Salzmann et al., 2011) derivational morphology as the process of changing words that occurs as a result of new words and subsequent class changes. Nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs are the word classes.

METHOD
The researcher used qualitative research method for this research. According to (Creswell & Creswell, 2018), qualitative research is related to a research that engaged with social and human problem. Qualitative research is originally comes from anthropology, sociology, the humanities, and evaluation (John W. Creswell, 2013). Social anthropologist qualitative research is engaging with the behavior regularities like patterns or language or rules (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The method of collecting data is the researchers need to use their five senses to observe the object and also taking notes of the data from the object (Creswell John, 2017). The researcher watched the Black Panther movie, and then the researcher will identify and take notes of the data needed for the analysis, and the researcher will classify the data into each category according to the research question. The method of analyzing data is the researcher used qualitative analysis that must follow these three steps: data reduction, data display, and verification (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The process that the researchers will do after collecting all the data from Black Panther movie is to select and simplify the data that used in the analysis. After the reduction process is done, the next thing to do is to organize the data and categorized them into the derivational and inflectional morpheme, so that the data can be presented. After the first two steps are done, the researcher needs to verify the data according to the research purposes and to conclude the result of the data that is already analyzed.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
From the data found in the black panther movie, the researchers found 391 data including free morphemes and 77 including bound morpheme, which consisted of 20 data including derivational morphemes, and 57 including inflectional morphemes.

A. Free Morpheme
According to Booij (2007) free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone without any other morpheme, and they can also combine with other morpheme to be other words. This morpheme is also known as a lexical morpheme and is better known as a functionally grammatical morpheme. The contents of free morphemes with lexical content are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, whereas the contents of functionally grammatical morphemes are articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. The example word from data research are "keep, plain, strong, me". The morpheme is included free morpheme, because they are part from verb, adjective, noun and can stand alone without any additional word. The analysis can be seen as bellow of free morpheme.

a. To keep vibranium safe
The word "keep" here has one morpheme, because in the sentence contains lexical morphemes which means the morphemes can stand alone and the word "keep" include verb b. The Wakandans vowed to hide in plain sight The word "plain" here has one morpheme, because in the sentence contains lexical morphemes which means the morphemes can stand alone and also include noun. c. You look strong The word "strong" here has one morpheme, because in the sentence contains lexical morpheme which means the morphemes can stand alone and also include adjective.

d. Tell me a story
The word "me" here has one morpheme, because in the sentence contains lexical morphemes which means the morphemes can stand alone and also include noun.

B. Bound Morpheme
According to Booij (2007) bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot exist independently and must be joined or attached to another morpheme. Bound morpheme can be categorized into two studies: Inflectional morpheme and Derivational morpheme.

Discussion of Inflectional Morpheme
According to Salzmann et al. (2011) inflectional morphology is the process of changing words that follow grammatical rules and also teaches how to change words into sentences in the singular or plural and in the past or present. There are several bound morphemes in black panther movie, such as millions, years, tribes, settled, called, vowed, agreed, holding, talking. Based on the analysis, these morphemes can be categorized into nouns (plural) and verbs (present participle and past form).

a. Noun (plural)
The first word found in the transcript is millions. The noun "millions" has two morphemes: million, and -s. The morpheme million changed to millions because it has to meet the grammatical requirements or rule. The changes happened to the word million to millions means that it is not just one million but more than one million, or it can be said it is the plural form of the word "million".
The second word found in the transcript is years. The noun "years" has two morphemes: year, and -s. The morpheme "year" changed to "years" because it needs to meet the grammatical requirements or rule. From the transcript, the word "years" comes after the word "millions" of; in other words the word "years" is talking about more than one year which is more than million years, so the noun year here needs to be in a plural form. Moreover, morpheme -s is added to the noun year to make it plural.
The third word found in the transcript is tribes. The noun tribes has two morpheme: tribe, and -s. The morpheme "tribe" changed to "tribes" because it is talking about more than one tribe. So, it needs another morpheme, which is morpheme -s to meet the grammatical requirements or rules to make the tribe word plural.
From the data above, it can be seen a pattern; plural form of noun need help from another morpheme which is a morpheme -s.

b. Verb (past form)
The first verb word from the transcript is settled. The verb settled here has two morphemes: settle, and -d. The changes that happened to this morpheme is because it needs to meet the grammatical requirements or rules. The word settle which is the base of verb transformed to the word settled because the actions of the verb has already happened and this is what people usually know as a past form of the verb in a sentence.
The second verb word from the script is called. The verb called here has two morphemes: call, and -ed. The changes happened to this morpheme is because that it needs to meet the grammatical requirements or rule. The verb call here is already happened so it needs to be in its past form, so another morpheme need to be added to add another meaning and change it to a past form of the verb. And that morpheme is -ed.
The third verb word from the script is agreed. The verb agreed here has two morphemes: agree, and -d. This changes also happened because it needs to be in its past form so that it meet the grammatical requirements because the action of the verb agree has already happened. To meet its requirements, we need to add another morpheme to change it into a pas form of the verb. And the morpheme used is the morpheme -d.
The fourth verb word in the transcript is vowed. The verb vowed here has two morphemes: vow, and -ed. This changes also happened because it needs to be in a past form of the verb as the action has already happened. This changes also happened because it needs to meet its grammatical requirements. So, the another morpheme which is -ed is added to the word vow.
From the data above, it can be seen a pattern; which is a past form of the verb is added with a morpheme -d or -ed. But this is not always the case for verb because not all past form of the verb added with morpheme -d or -ed. There is also a verb which is an irregular verb that has different formation for the changes that happened to it. For example: givegavegiven, drawdrewdrawn, rideroderidden, these verb has their own formation. So, a past form of a verb it not always added with morpheme -d or -ed.

c. Verb (present participle)
The first word is holding. The verb holding has two morphemes: hold, and -ing. The verb holding is transforming from the word hold to holding because it needs to meet the grammatical requirements. The verb holding here is a sentence as follows: "They're holding spears." As the verb comes after the helping verb be they should be in a form of present participle and aside from that, it also shows that the action is actually ongoing.
The second word is talking. The verb talking has two morphemes: talk, and -ing. The changes happened here is because the action of this verb is still on going. The verb talking is from the sentence as follows: "What are you talking about?" The speaker here is asking about the talk that is happening at that time. And that sentence is in a present progressive question form of a sentence. So, the verb needs to be in a present participle form of the verb.
From the data above we can see a pattern, which is a past form of the verb is added with a morpheme -ing.

3.2
Discussion of Derivational Morpheme According to Salzmann et al. (2011) derivational morphology is the process of changing words that occur because they form new words and then follow changes in word classes. The word classes are: nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Derivational changes the grammatical categories of words that consist of suffix and prefix, for example, nounforming suffix changes the words/morphemes in the suffixes -ion, -ment, -ist, -ship, and -er to nouns. The suffixes -able, -al, -ful, -ic, -cal, and -ous transform words/morphemes into adjectives. The suffix -ly transforms words/morphemes into adverbs. In the prefix un-and mis-, the verb-forming prefix changes the adjective to a new adjective or the form verb to a new verb. Meanwhile Inflectional does not change the grammatical category of words consisting of "-s, -`s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and -en. The suffix -er means comparison. The suffix -est means superlative. For example, we got from Black Panther movies: Protector (N), Quickly (adverb), Strongest (adjective).

a. Suffix -or
The word "protector" here has two morphemes: protect and or. Protect is a verb class and if we add the letter "or" became to noun. So the word "protector" is a noun.

b. Suffix -ly
The word "quickly" here has two morphemes: quick and ly.Actually the word if we add ly the meaning has not change, this include adverb.

c. Suffix -est
The word "strongest" here has two morphemes: strong and est. Strong is a adjective class and Est is a superlative

CONCLUSION
In relation to the result and discussion above, it can be concluded that there were free morpheme and bound morpheme in the black panther movie. Total morphemes that were found 468 morphemes. In free morpheme, there were 391 data found and in the bound morpheme there were 77 data found which consisted of 20 data of derivational morpheme and 57 data of inflectional morpheme. Most of the data found in this study are free morphemes, because in the black panther film they tell more about the problems of people who are doing war.