AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN “DUNKIRK” MOVIE

When expecting an interlocutor to do an action, the execution of directive acts cannot be ruled out. The speaker must conduct directive acts since they are employed to persuade an interlocutor to do something. This study focused on the execution of directive acts and sought to identify the various types and forms of directive actions. The goal of this research is to assist readers understand the debate of linguistics, particularly directive acts. In practice, this study is likely to assist speakers in doing directive acts in line with intent. Then, interlocutors are intended to understand speakers' intentions through comprehending directed behaviors. As a result, there will be no confusion or ineffectiveness in relation to directive actions. In addition, the varieties of directive actions hypothesis developed by Searle(1979).Searle was used to examine the different forms of directive acts. Those are 5 ask, 4 order, 3 request,2 beg, 2 command ,2 invite,2 advice. In terms of directive actions, the types of directive acts theory developed by Yule(1996) was applied in this study. Declarative, interrogative, and imperative are the three forms. This study used those theories to examine all of the characters' directive actions in the film "DUNKIRK." The data was gathered through watch the movie and this is descriptive qualitative research used an observational method. After that, the data was analyzed using the pragmatic identity approach and the pragmatic social competencies methodology. After all, the research findings were presented descriptively employing terms from the informal technique.


INTRODUCTION
Language has become an important tool of communication in human life. Along with its role as a communication tool; language is always present in every element of human life. Language plays an important part in allowing users of different languages to converse freely. Language, on the other hand, cannot always assist language users in avoiding misunderstanding and poor communication. When a speaker is unable to effectively express an utterance and the interlocutor is unable to fully comprehend the intended meaning, communication failures nevertheless occur. As a result, misunderstanding and inefficient communication are caused by an inability to clearly transmit an utterance and grasp the intended meaning.
Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. In this three-part distinction, only pragmatics allows humans into the analysis. The advantage of studying language via pragmatics is that one can talk about people's intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions (for example, requests) that they are performing when they speak. The big disadvantage is that all these very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way. Two friends having a conversation may imply some things and infer some others without providing any clear linguistic evidence that we can point to as the explicit source of 'the meaning' of what was communicated. Yule, (1996) Speech acts are what people do when they say words in the study of language. Speech acts also learn all linguistic communication involves linguistic acts. The unit of linguistic communication is not, as has generally been supposed, the symbol, word or sentence, or even the token of the symbol, word or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol or word or sentence in the performance of the speech act. More precisely, the production or issuance of a sentence token under certain conditions is a speech act. (Searle, 1969).There are three types of speech acts: Locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. The literal meaning of the utterances is the illocutionary act, the action behind the utterances is the illocutionary act, and the elocutionary act is the effect of the utterances on the hearer. Illocutionary act is a type of speech act that is very elaborate and has more divisions than other types; determining the illocutionary act of an utterance requires sufficient knowledge about its illocutionary act. To learn about the different types of speech acts, the researcher must first identify whether the communication is oral or written, and whether it is monologue or dialog. Conversation is one of the sources of obtaining different types of speech acts because through conversation, the researcher may obtain many utterances that are not directly spoken to the listener, requiring the researcher to analyze those utterances and convert them into a target meaning. This implies that the researcher must analyze the speaker's words in order to grasp the full meaning of what he or she is saying.
Directive acts are a type of categorization that is used to persuade an interlocutor to take action. Directive acts are performed when a speaker expects an interlocutor to perform the desired action. Facts conveyed by a speaker in order to persuade a listener to do something are directive acts (Searle, 1979).It implies that a speaker uses directive acts to persuade an interlocutor to take action. Asking, ordering, demanding, requesting, begging, praying, entreating, inviting, permitting, and advising are examples of directive acts (Searle, 1979) Directive speech act is usually used in a movie. Movie is one of human product literature terms. It can express someone's thought, feeling, and meaning sense. In general, every movie has script and specific aim of the movie. In the movie, there are so many utterances which have different meaning from each other. Furthermore, we have to know what their conversational purposes are. Understanding the meaning of conversation is needed in order to avoid misunderstanding.
As a result, in this study, the researcher concentrates on directive speech act in the film "DUNKIRK." There are three reasons why this study on directive speech act is currently ongoing. To begin, a directive speech act is a type of speech act that is frequently employed by speakers in everyday discourse. The second reason is that directive indicates a deep link between the speaker and the hearer. The third reason is that directed speech actions are employed in communication to acquire or provide attention from the speaker.
The aims of the study are; to make the reader understand more about the different types of speech acts and to make the reader understand more about the forms of directive acts performed in movie.

METHOD
This analysis was done by using descriptive approach, This research used qualitative method as Creswell (2018) which said the procedures of research included the decisions from assumptions to the detailed methods of data collection and analyzing. It means descriptive approach is a research method which uses technique of searching, classifying and analyzing the data. In this research, the researcher collected the data from movie, analyzing language style used in the" Dunkrik "movie.
The data of this research were utterances in the form of word, phrase and sentence. The source of data in this research was a script "Dunkirk" movie. The source of data in this research was a script of "Dunkirk "movies. In doing this research, the researcher needed some instruments which help the researcher in working on this research. In finding and collecting the data, the researcher used video to repeat the scene of utterance that contains directive speech act. After that, the researcher used writing equipment to write down all the sentences contains directive speech act. The writing equipment's were note book, pen, and movie script which were downloaded from Movie Script Database. To help researcher in classified each type of directive speech act in data, the researcher used table of indicator that is arranged based on some theories.
The data were taken from "Dunkirk" movie scripts. The data collected by using the following steps: Reading the script of "Dunkirk" movie. Firstly, in doing research, the researcher read the script of the film to find out the directive speech act. Watching "Dunkirk" movie. The next step, the researcher watched the movie to adjust the script and the utterance in film. It is used to make the analysis clear. Selecting the utterances part which contained directive speech act used by characters from the script. Writing and arranging the data that contains directive speech act in note book. Then, the researcher arranged the data systematically based on the scene.
The data were analyzed by using the classification of directive speech act by George Yule (1996). There were some steps as follows: Identifying the sentences found in the conversation of "Dunkirk" scripts. In doing analysis, for the first time, the researcher identified the utterances to find directive speech act used by characters. Classifying the utterances into the types of directive speech act. The utterances were analyzed based on the character of directive speech act. It is used to know which type the utterances belong to. Analyzing the types of directive speech act that used dominantly by characters. It was analyzed based on the choice of word and sentence used by characters.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Directive acts are generally used to direct or influence the interlocutor to take action. To put it another way, directive acts are realized on purpose to get some effects through the action of the interlocutor. It also points out that if an utterance is a directive act, it must have an intended action. The reason is that action is the thing that encourages the speaker to perform the directive acts. A speaker cannot exclude directive acts in utterance that is functioned to make an interlocutor does as expected. The impossibility of excluding directive acts is a result of the contributive role of directive acts. Furthermore, as a classification of illocutionary acts, directive acts are correlated to intention. The intention of a speaker determines which type and form of the directive act.

Ask
A speaker reveals the performance of asking with the goal of getting an answer. The remark is intended at an interlocutor, who is the one who communicates with the speaker. There were 5 performances of asking in the film "DUNKIRK." All of the data on asking confirmed the same aim, which was to ask a question. On the other hand, not all of the data is same. The answers varied because the speakers did not simply inform. The interlocutors could answer by confirming to the speakers as well. Also, the speaker could answer 'yes or no' as the answer of the question. However, answers from the interlocutors still relate to the questions. Utterances below show 5 data which were taken from data 1, data 2, data 3, data 4, and data 5.As the utterances of asking this got the different answers, the analysis of those five data is as follow and the utterance shown below was taken from data 5. The utterance was specifically produced in 0.05-0.11 second of "DUNKIRK" movie. The condition at that time was in a state of war and the speaker asked the interlocutor about whether he had ever entered the area and asked the interlocutor to tell about Sarge because the speaker had never heard of the Sarge. The speaker meant to inquire by including the inquiry in the utterances.
It identifies the statement as being the performance of asking Searle, (1969) argue that the purposeful act of asking functions to ask a question. Furthermore, the interlocutor responded to the inquiry by affirming the speaker's answer. The response was given in response to the inquiry. After all, the sort of directed act done by the speaker is inquiring since the utterance was employed to elicit an answer.

Order
This type is performed to get other people do as ordered. Every speaker can perform this type as it does not need to have power. In the movie, there were some performances of ordering. Relating the performance of ordering, the speakers as the characters used this type to order other characters to fulfill the ordered action in the movie. As shown in the utterances below, the intention of the speaker was the same which is ordering the interlocutors to do things. Contrarily, the performance got different responses from the interlocutors.
The first utterance which included the realization of ordering is the following utterance. The speaker of this utterance was man 1 and man 2 became the interlocutor. In 11:40-11:41 minutes, the utterance was conveyed by the speaker. It specifically took place in the war place by the interlocutor. Data A: Danny gets down! B: He's right on us he's grasped us up.
In the utterance, the speaker directed the interlocutor by ordering the interlocutor to accomplish an action. The speaker ordered the interlocutor, who had near to the enemy. The interlocutor was ordered considering the speaker had the desire to get the interlocutor to take action. For this reason, the directive act of the utterance above is order.

Request
Request is a type of directive act that serves to provide an opportunity for the speaker to make a request with someone or a listener. This type of directive acts aims to make the speaker's desire to the listener to carry out his orders through the spoken language utterances. The data below will provide an overview and explanation of how the speaker asks someone to do what he wants. Data Your hands next time careful sir your sportsmanship and your, honor seems to be slipping a bit oh please you're not stupid.
Through the above data contained in the film "DUNKIRK" we can find out the use and how to achieve the speaker's wishes so that the "request" is very important in conveying utterances by fulfilling the rules of language use. The incident in the data above that occurred at 40.46 explains the request of a leader from his opponent's army to Finegan during a boxing match with a member of his opponent's army, so before doing a match the leader of his opponent's army asked to be more careful in competing.

Beg
Begging is a type of directive act which is almost the same as a request, but the difference is in the situation of the event when it is in progress. The use of pleading is very closely related to offending other people awareness to do something like in the data below: Data Danny forget about what happened before it's all gone now just get out there and win it for us.
Based on the data above, the incident occurred at 43:41, please note that the incident took place in a situation that could not be denied, in other words, the situation was a very urgent situation and the listener had to do or fulfill the request from the speaker, namely a friend of Finnegan requesting that his request was to be done so that their troops could be liberated by the enemy forces.

Command
The word where the speaker asks the interlocutor to do what he wants, here the speaker is more dominant in commanding, and then the following data are found: Data "What are you doing put your rifle in your back down and we're gonna be dead in a minute anyway" This data sentence, it shows that the narrative in the data has mentioned the type of command sentence because the sentence command to put on his back or it won't die soon.

Invite
The related data including invite type from directive act because this data invite the speaker to do something in the movie scene. "have to pull back we'll fall back any further sir we're going to be in the sea that's the plan a place called Dunkirk what the navy are"."Coming to take us home the whole be here spread the word" Based on the data above, this a situation in the movie scene referring is a type invite because this scene it states to withdraw from the place of war to a safe place.

Advice
The related data including advice type from directive act because a man advised his friend named Leo. Based on the data in the sentence contained in the movie "DUNKIRK" a situation where a war has occurred. "Leo now we was there a couple days ago loads of men go out yeah"'"listen we've done best be off ourselves actually so thank you for this and um" Based on the data above, the incident occurred 10.56-11.11 advice to Leo saying they did their best, a word of advice for a Leo to do the same. Data description contains the explanation of the result from the use of directive speech act used by characters in "Dunkirk" movie. Directive speech act is classified into seven types; ask, order, request, beg, command, invite and advice. The findings are presented as the followings: The findings are presented as the followings: In "Dunkirk" the research used 20 data of utterances 5 ask , 4 order,2 request,3 beg , 2 commands,2 invite, and 2 advice. The data is shown in following table:  Table 1 show that 20 data of utterances in "DUNKIRK "used by characters. They are included into ask type (5), order type (2), request type (3) and Beg type (2), command type (2), Invite type (2), Advice (2). From the data findings, ask type is the most used in "Dunkirk" movie.

CONCLUSION
The directive speech act is conducted in the movie screenplay based on data analysis. The tables in the preceding chapter that concentrate on the use of directive speech actions demonstrate this. The tables demonstrate that the movie screenplay has 20 directive speaking acts. According to the table summary, directed speech actions of asking occur the most frequently in the movie screenplay (5). By computing the proportion of each type of diected speech acts, the percentage reflects the most commonly utilized directive speech actions. While the directed speech act of advising is the least commonly utilized (2).