Proceeding International Civil Engineering Forum Untag Surabaya

Value Engineering in the Implementation of Surajaya Stadium Construction

Muhammad Setia Budhi — 2026-01-15

The construction of Surajaya Stadium in Lamongan Regency faces a shortage of implementation costs after 0% Mutual Check calculation. Total contract value of Rp. 252,965,579,881(excluding VAT). This cost shortfall is due to the addition of new volumes and work items to meet FIFA standards. Given that the proposed additional costs could not be approved, value engineering measures were required so that the project could be completed without increasing the cost of the work. The steps taken included: 1) Information Stage, by calculating the percentage of cost against the contract value and focusing on large weighted works, using Pareto; 2) Creative Stage, by designing alternative ideas to fulfill the main function of the stadium; 3) Analysis Stage, which is the analysis of the works to be Value Engineering. The AHP method is also used to help analyze the determination of choices; 4) Recommendation Stage, compiling reports and recommendations for optimal new designs to save costs; and 5) Development Stage, compiling written suggestions for the best alternatives that meet economic and technical criteria to be evaluated and implemented. With this approach, it is expected that the Surajaya Stadium project can be completed within the specified budget. The application of Value Engineering resulted in cost savings of Rp. 2,900,531,720.00 (excluding VAT), as well as implementation time efficiency of up to 41 days. These findings confirm that Value Engineering is effective in improving cost and time efficiency in construction projects.

Cost and Time Analysis with Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) Method in the Construction of ITS Banking Building Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim

Mochammad Reza Kurnia Ramadhan — 2026-01-15

In a construction project, there are many activities carried out with great care. Therefore, the completion of a project requires management in planning, monitoring, and execution while considering project control to account for resources, including time, cost, and project progress, so that it can be properly managed. A project generally has a defined timeframe, meaning it must be completed before or exactly on the planned date. Due to issues that may arise during the project execution process, timely completion becomes the primary objective. This research aims to identify acceleration strategies for the construction of the ITS Banking Building on Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim, with CV. Poltek Nasional as the implementing contractor. The study will optimize the time and cost of project completion using the case study of the ITS Banking Building construction on Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim. Based on the contract agreement, the project completion timeframe is 120 calendar days, starting from December 30, 2024, to April 29, 2025. The method used in this study is Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO), which aims to determine the amount of time and cost required to accelerate the ITS Banking Building construction project. Through this analysis, it is expected to produce a comparison analysis of cost and time, and to reschedule using the Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) method to address potential delays in the ITS Banking Building construction. The results of this research may also contribute significantly to efforts in optimizing the time and cost of construction projects for the contractor involved and for future projects.

Cost and Time Evaluation Using the Time-Cost Trade-Off (TCTO) Method on the International & Domestic Wharf Strengthening Project of Teluk Lamong Terminal

Rohman Budi Wicaksono — 2026-01-15

Construction project management requires optimal balance between time, cost, and quality to achieve project success. This research analyzes the International and Domestic Wharf strengthening project at Teluk Lamong Terminal, Surabaya, which experienced delays due to unpredictable ship berthing schedules. The study applies Time-Cost Trade-Off (TCTO) method to optimize project duration and costs through critical path analysis and overtime alternatives. The project, valued at IDR 34 billion with original duration of 365 days, was analyzed using three overtime scenarios (1, 2, and 3 hours daily). Results show that 3-hour overtime scenario achieves maximum time efficiency of 14% (51 days acceleration to 314 days) with cost efficiency of 0.27% (IDR 92.97 million savings). The TCTO method successfully identifies optimal acceleration strategy, reducing project duration from 365 to 314 days while maintaining cost effectiveness. This research contributes practical framework for construction project optimization in marine infrastructure development.

Thickness of Overlay Design with CESA5 Implementation and Benkelman Beam Deflection Through Manual Method of Road Pavement Design 2024 on Pahlawan Street, Sidoarjo Regency

Burhanuddin Zhalifunnas — 2026-01-15

Jalan Pahlawan - Sidoarjo is a collector road with a Type 4/2 D Road with a length of 3.3 km located in Sidoarjo Regency. The road is a connecting road with a fairly high intensity of activity, which causes the quality of the road pavement to weaken. Road damage that occurs such as cracking, peeling of aggregate grains, and holes. So it is necessary to plan an overlay to increase the strength of the structure and avoid more severe damage by traffic loads. This study uses the 2024 Pavement Design Manual (MDP) method with the CESA5 approach and deflection from Benkelman Beam. Secondary data used in the form of Benkelman Beam (BB) deflection and average daily traffic data (LHR) obtained from the PU Bina Marga Service with the results of CESA4 values of 16,760,006 ESA and CESA5 of 19,990,025 ESA. The results show that the thickness of the overlay with a design life of 20 years based on the maximum deflection D0 0.376 is 5 cm, and the thickness based on the deflection curve D200 0.239 mm is 12 cm. From the analysis results, the overlay thickness is taken as 12 cm, because with a thickness of 12 cm it is expected to withstand damage due to fatigue cracks before the planned age caused by the load of passing vehicles, so that road users can operate safely and comfortably on Jalan Pahlawan - Sidoarjo.

Structural Performance Evaluation of Anwar Medika Hospital Building with Pushover Method Using SNI 1726:2019

Hananda Syah — 2026-01-15

This research aims to evaluate the performance of the building structure using the pushover analysis method on Anwar Medika hospital building in Sidoarjo City. The pushover method is performed by applying static horizontal earthquake loads gradually to the building structure model. This research was conducted by analyzing the capacity curve, performance point, and seismic performance level of the building structure with the SAP 2000 program. The building data used is the shop drawing of Anwar Medika hospital building with certain specifications such as building area, concrete quality, and steel quality. The analysis process includes deviation control, Load Case Pushover Analysis generation, plastic joint definition, pushover static analysis, performance level determination, and result evaluation. Assumptions in modeling include the use of columns and beams as Frames, floor slabs as Shell-Thin, and shear walls as Shell-Thick. The analysis results provide information on capacity curves, plastic joint distribution schemes, and performance points to assess the performance of structures against lateral loads such as earthquakes. Adjustments to the latest standards such as SNI 1726:2019 and SNI 2847:2019 are also made in the evaluation of building performance. In addition, this research also discusses the calculation of shear force, nominal shear, and shear reinforcement at the beam-column relationship, as well as the control of inter-level deviation. The results of this research are expected to provide a better understanding of the pushover method and become a guideline for further research in the field of building structure performance evaluation. From the results of the pushover analysis, it was found that the performance level of the building structure included the DC (Damage Control) category on both axes with a total drift value of 277.114 mm in the X axis and a total drift value of 297.903 mm in the Y axis.

Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategies in the Flexible Pavement Construction Project of the Radial Road in Surabaya

Ide Causaprima Pitoyo — 2026-01-15

The construction of a 1.7 km radial road in the western area of Surabaya plays a vital role in alleviating traffic congestion and enhancing the efficiency of urban mobility. As a connector between the city center and peripheral zones, the radial road is regarded as a strategic solution to improve interregional connectivity and support sustainable urban development. However, throughout its planning and implementation stages, the project is vulnerable to various risks that may hinder its successful execution. This study aims to analyze the most critical risks among those identified and to evaluate the most appropriate risk response strategies. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative assessment. Risk identification was carried out by referencing similar infrastructure projects, followed by validation and assessment based on the probability of occurrence and the level of impact. Data were collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) involving professionals and stakeholders with direct experience in infrastructure development. Quantitative analysis employed a risk response scenario approach. The findings reveal six major risks with significant influence on project performance: (1) design changes, (2) inadequate data collection and preliminary surveys prior to the design phase, (3) limited access for mobilizing materials and heavy equipment, (4) unresolved land compensation involving both private and public properties, (5) temporary work stoppages due to community protests, and (6) overlapping activities from private sector projects within the same area. These findings serve as the basis for developing more effective risk mitigation strategies to ensure that the project is implemented in a timely, efficient, and sustainable manner.

Risk Control Analysis of Process Failures in Storage Tank Fabrication Using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Method

Leontius Eugenius Jeramat — 2026-01-15

The storage tank fabrication industry plays a crucial role in the energy, chemical, and processing sectors due to its function in storing high-risk substances such as fuels, chemical liquids, and natural gas. Fabrication processes that do not comply with standards can lead to serious failures, including leaks, fires, or explosions, which impact workplace safety, environmental damage, and financial losses. This study aims to analyze and control failure risks in the storage tank fabrication process at PT. Sarana Remaja Mandiri. The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method is used to identify cause-and-effect relationships of potential failures, both technical and human-related. The analysis results show that the main causes of failure include design errors, improper material selection, welding defects, and non-compliance with operational procedures. Recommended mitigation efforts include enhanced supervision, workforce training, and the use of more reliable technologies and materials. By applying FTA and appropriate risk control strategies, the company can improve product quality, operational efficiency, and maintain its reputation in the storage tank fabrication industry.

Performance Analysis of Unsignaled Intersection JL. Menganti - Jl. Darkun - Jl. Pahlawan Mubin Wonokoyo Gresik Regency

Ghaly Febrian Rizqullah — 2026-01-15

The increasing movement of transportation is one of the main causes of traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in Gresik Regency is often found on several highways, one of which is at the unsignalized intersection of Menganti road with the conditions around the intersection being a commercial area. Therefore, efforts are needed to overcome congestion by studying and analyzing the conditions and performance of the unsignalized intersection on Menganti road so that the feasibility of an unsignalized intersection can be determined. Data in the form of population data, geometric data, traffic flow data, and side obstacle data are then analyzed using the unsignalized intersection calculation formula that has been included in the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) 2023. The results of the research on the performance of the unsignalized four-way intersection of Menganti road were obtained as follows: The highest Average Daily Traffic (ADR) was on Wednesday, May 7, 2025, which was 2500.846 vehicles/hour; peak traffic hours occurred at 07.00-08.00; The highest Degree of Saturation (DJ) was on Monday, May 5, 2025, which was 0.91231 with a Capacity (C) of 3095 vehicles/hour, Delay (T) of 17.76845 sec/vehicle, Queue Opportunity (PA) of -1.00%-65,86%. The solutions that can be provided are to install traffic lights, widen each approach and implement a one-way system on approach D (Pahlawan Mubin Wonokoy road) and divert it to Sidomulyo road.

Road Condition Assessment Using SDI and IRI Methods in Brigjend. Pol. Imam Bachri Hadi Pranoto Street, Kediri

Rahmat Sutomo — 2026-01-15

Roads are essential infrastructure that support community mobility and economic growth. Road damage can reduce comfort, safety, and service life. One of the road segments in Kediri City that has suffered damage is Brigjend. Pol. Imam Bachri Hadi Pranoto Street, which serves a strategic function as an access route for distribution and tourism. This study aims to analyze road damage conditions using the Surface Distress Index (SDI) and International Roughness Index (IRI). The method employed involves surveys SDI assessment based on visual observations of the type and severity of surface damage. The IRI was measured using the Roadroid application to quantify road roughness. The condition of Brigjend. Pol. Imam Bachri Hadi Pranoto Street in Kediri City has an average SDI value of 110, indicating a lightly damaged condition that requires a Road Rehabilitation Program. The average IRI value obtained is 5.08, which falls into the moderately damaged category, thus necessitating a Periodic Maintenance Program. These differences between the two methods arise because the IRI value is derived from the vibrations experienced on the tire surface, which does not capture the entire surface condition, while the SDI is determined through visual assessment and weighted scoring.

Sustainable Urban Water Governance: Identifying Barriers and Strategies in Green Water Management through Bibliometric Review

Sony Susanto — 2026-01-15

Rapid urbanization has intensified challenges in sustainable water management, putting pressure on conventional wastewater treatment systems and threatening urban water security. This study systematically identifies key social, economic, and technical barriers to the sustainability of green water management and explores integrated strategies to overcome these obstacles. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 14 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025, retrieved from the Scopus database. Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis and thematic mapping, the study reveals dominant research themes and collaborative networks in this field. The findings highlight critical barriers such as low public awareness, inadequate infrastructure, funding limitations, weak policies, climate variability, and insufficient stakeholder cooperation. Major research topics include rainwater, runoff, and climate change impacts, with significant contributions from China, the United States, South Korea, and Italy. Recommended strategies to address these challenges include enhancing public education, developing green infrastructure, fostering multi-sector collaboration, strengthening regulations, and promoting further research. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to improve urban water governance and resilience through sustainable green water management amid rapid metropolitan growth.

Performance Analysis Study of Blimbing Three Intersection, Gudo District, Jombang Regency

Firda Aulia Ajie Saputri — 2026-01-15

The Performance Analysis Study of the Blimbing T-Junction in Gudo District, Jombang Regency aims to evaluate the current traffic conditions and propose alternative solutions to improve traffic safety and efficiency. This study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data. Primary data were collected through direct surveys, including intersection inventory and Classified Turning Movement Counting (CTMC), while secondary data were sourced from BPS, Bappeda, and the Department of Transportation. The analysis refers to the 2023 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (PKJI), focusing on key parameters such as capacity, degree of saturation, delay, and queue probability. The findings indicate that the current condition of the intersection is congested, especially on Sundays, with an average delay of 30.99 seconds and a queue length of 26.53 meters (LOS D). Results show that the best performance, with an average delay of 24.05 seconds and a queue length of 16.28 meters, achieving LOS C. This study recommends as the most effective solution for improving intersection performance, enhancing road user safety, and supporting sustainable mobility in the area.

Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Glass Office Building of PT Pertamina Patra Niaga-ITJ in the Context of Climate Resilience

Sumarno — 2026-01-15

High energy consumption in office buildings remains a critical challenge in achieving climate-resilient infrastructure, especially in tropical countries like Indonesia. This study analyzes the energy efficiency performance of a glass-façade office building owned by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga-ITJ, based on findings from an internal energy audit conducted in 2023. The audit revealed that the building’s energy consumption, particularly for air conditioning and artificial lighting, far exceeds national efficiency standards. With an Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) of 246.567 kWh/m²/year, which is well beyond the threshold of 100-150 kWh/m²/year, the building is classified as inefficient. The primary cause is identified as the fully glazed façade, which lacks adequate thermal protection and significantly increases solar heat gain. This results in a high reliance on mechanical cooling systems and increased operational costs. The study emphasizes the urgency of integrating passive retrofit strategies, such as fixed external shading devices, double-skin façades, and green roofs, to reduce thermal loads and improve building performance. While no physical intervention was proposed, the study provides a strategic foundation for future design improvements aligned with climate resilience goals. These findings support the role of regular energy audits as essential tools for sustainable building management and informed retrofit planning in tropical urban contexts.

Comparative Analysis of Cost and Time in the Implementation of Rigid and Flexible Road Pavements on the Sambeng–Kedewan Road Section, Bojonegoro Regency

Siswanto — 2026-01-15

The Sambeng–Kedewan area in Bojonegoro Regency is an agrarian region that is developing in both the agricultural and energy sectors. However, it faces challenges in road infrastructure. Inadequate road access affects the distribution of agricultural products and logistical efficiency, particularly in the Kasiman and Kedewan sub-districts. Therefore, an evaluation of the most technically and economically feasible type of pavement is required. This study utilizes the 2017 Manual for Pavement Design (MDPJ) for flexible pavement and the PDT-14 2003 guidelines for rigid pavement. The analysis is based on several collected data, including soil data, average daily traffic, and design life spans of 20 and 40 years. The comparison covers aspects such as pavement structure, thickness, estimated construction time, and cost estimation (RAB). The research results show that for a 20-year design life, the cost of flexible pavement is IDR 14,968,896,000, while the cost of rigid pavement is IDR 12,154,372,000—resulting in a cost efficiency difference of IDR 2,814,524,000 or 18.8%. For a 40-year design life, the cost of flexible pavement reaches IDR 27,358,928,000, while rigid pavement costs IDR 18,974,693,000, indicating a cost efficiency of IDR 8,384,235,000 or 30.6%. In terms of time, flexible pavement requires 98 days to construct, whereas rigid pavement takes 110 days. Thus, rigid pavement demonstrates greater long-term cost efficiency, although it requires slightly more construction time.

Comparative Analysis of ESA5 and JSKN for Pavement Design over 20- and 40-Year Lifespan on Kyai H. Ahmad Dahlan Road, Pasuruan City, Indonesia

Adhi Kurniawan — 2026-01-15

This research aims to evaluate the long-term impact of traffic loads on pavement structures through the analysis of Equivalent Standard Axle Load to the fifth power (ESA5) and the Number of Commercial Vehicle Axles (JSKN). The study is conducted on Kyai H. Ahmad Dahlan Road in Pasuruan City, Indonesia, a strategic urban corridor characterized by high economic and logistical activity. Two design life scenarios—20 years and 40 years—are considered to assess the structural adequacy of both flexible and rigid pavement systems. Traffic load calculations are based on the 2024 Indonesian Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ 2024), taking into account traffic growth rates, axle load equivalency factors, and lane distribution coefficients. ESA5 and JSKN values are projected for both planning horizons to estimate cumulative loading and determine the appropriate pavement layer thickness. The analysis reveals a substantial increase in traffic load projections: ESA5 increases from 35,281,489 to 115,975,081, and JSKN rises from 29,155,119 to 103,618,110 axles. These findings underscore the need for stronger and more durable pavement structures. The results serve as a critical basis for selecting economically efficient and longlasting pavement types, particularly in urban areas with diverse traffic intensities. This study offers valuable technical insights for infrastructure planners and engineers in optimizing pavement design for extended service life. Understanding the implications of ESA5 and JSKN over longer design periods enables more informed decision-making that aligns pavement strategies with budget limitations, traffic demand, and sustainability objectives in road infrastructure development.

Cost Budget Plan Analysis Ponorogo District Drainage Works

Anugrah Dwi Setiyo — 2026-01-15

One of the infrastructure problems in the Ponorogo region is flooding in the Ponorogo City area caused by the urban drainage system. A good urban area must consider the condition of the drainage channels. This is very important because urban areas will be greatly affected if residential areas experience inundation. Sedimentation and garbage in some areas of the drainage area cause the existing capacity to be reduced in draining water. The areas of Jl. Jaksa Agung Suprapto, Jl. Bhayangkara and Jl. Kbp. Duriyat are areas that often experience inundation up to 30 cm and occur up to 6 times within one year. The purpose of this research is to determine the Cost Budget Plan based on the Unit Price Analysis of Work in 2025. Unit price analysis is a calculation method to determine the cost per unit of a construction work in completing one unit of work. Unit Price Analysis consists of 3 main components, namely Labor Costs, Material Costs and Equipment Costs. Based on the calculation of the analysis of the unit price of work (AHSP) the repair Budget Plan for Jl. Jaksa Agung Suprapto using U-ditch type 100×100 × 120 cm is Rp. 4.737.014.000,00. For Jl. Bhayangkara using Uditch type 80×80×120 cm amounted to Rp. 3.477.372.000,00 and Jl. Kbp. Duriyat using Uditch type 80×80×120 cm amounted to Rp. 3.266.838.000,00. The total budget plan needed to overcome inundation areas in the area of Jl. Jaksa Agung Suprapto-Jl. Bhayangkara and Jl. Kbp. Duriyat is 11.481.224.000,00.

An Analysis of Time and Cost Using the Critical Path Method (CPM) in the ITS Bank Building Construction Project

Rudiansyah — 2026-01-15

The provision of banking service facilities within a campus environment is an essential requirement to support the smooth running of academic and operational activities in higher education institutions. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) responded to this need by constructing a bank building as part of the development of a modern and digital campus ecosystem. The construction project of the ITS Bank Building was scheduled for a duration of 120 calendar days, with a maintenance period of 180 calendar days. During its implementation, the project encountered several obstacles that led to deviations between the planned schedule and the actual progress on-site. In the twelfth week, the planned progress of 37.274% was not achieved, as the actual progress only reached 32.018%, resulting in a delay of –5.256%. Weather conditions and the complexity of the work were the main factors contributing to the delay. This study aims to analyze the project's critical path and optimal completion time by applying the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Fast Track method. Fast Track is an acceleration technique that allows project activities to be carried out in parallel in order to shorten the overall project duration. The analysis involves identifying critical activities using CPM and then rescheduling the project using the Fast Track approach to determine the optimal project duration.Based on the analysis, several activities were identified as being on the critical path, namely: 1) road and parking work, 2) drainage and bridge work, 3) landscaping, 4) connection fees, and 5) final cleaning work. The results show that the optimal duration after implementing the Fast Track method in the ITS Bank Building construction project is 112 working days, which is a 6.7% reduction from the initial plan of 120 days.

Optimization of Arjonegoro Commuter Train Travel Schedule

Ika Oktavia Setyarini — 2026-01-15

Arjonegoro Commuter Train is one of the city trains in East Java that serves the railways on the Sidoarjo - Bojonegoro route. This train is a mainstay transportation for the Bojonegoro community and its surroundings. Passengers consider that the Arjonegoro Commuter travel schedule is not yet in accordance with the needs of the community who need the Arjonegoro Commuter as a mode of transportation as daily commuters. The population in this study were all Arjonegoro train passengers while the sample were Arjonegoro train passengers who were successfully surveyed. This study uses Primary and Secondary data in the data collection process. Primary data was obtained from a direct survey of Arjonegoro train passengers at 18 stations serving the Arjonegoro train. This study uses a combination of Quantitative and Qualitative methods. The Quantitative approach with descriptive analysis is used in measuring the results of the passenger survey. The results of the descriptive analysis will later be used as a literature study as a qualitative approach by checking compliance with applicable regulations. The results of the study indicate that the existing Arjonegoro train schedule has met the desires of passengers, but the existing trip only reaches from Babat Station - Sidoarjo Station. From secondary data, the demand for urban train transportation on the Babat - Bojonegoro route is quite high. It is necessary to extend the relation from Bojonegoro to Babat so that passengers from Bojonegoro Station can be served by the Arjonegoro train. The Conclusion is that the optimization of the Arjonegoro train schedule can be done by extending the Arjonegoro Morning train relation to Bojonegoro - Sidoarjo and extending the Arjonegoro Evening train relation to Sidoarjo - Bojonegoro.

Cost Estimation Analysis of Construction and Periodic Maintenance for Flexible and Rigid Pavement Structures on Tulangan–Kludan Road, Sidoarjo

Yovi Wisastra — 2026-01-15

The increasing volume of heavy vehicle traffic in the industrial corridor of Tulangan District, Sidoarjo Regency, has led to significant structural damage on existing road infrastructure. This study aims to estimate and compare the construction and periodic maintenance costs of flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavement types using the 2024 Manual for Pavement Design (MDPJ). Two design service lives are considered: 20 years and 40 years. Key parameters such as average daily traffic (ADT), vehicle axle load distributions, subgrade CBR values, and pavement layer structures were used as input data for the analysis. The results show that for a 20-year design life, the total estimated cost for flexible pavement construction and maintenance is IDR 11,682,139,550.00, while rigid pavement requires only IDR 5,801,488,318.52. For a 40-year design life, the cost for flexible pavement increases significantly to IDR 25,314,961,074.00, whereas rigid pavement costs only IDR 7,468,372,401.44. These findings indicate that rigid pavement offers a cost-saving of up to IDR 17,846,588,672.56 over flexible pavement in the long term, largely due to its lower maintenance frequency and higher structural durability. This study highlights the importance of incorporating life-cycle cost analysis in pavement type selection, especially in industrial zones with high traffic intensity. Rigid pavement proves to be a more economically sustainable option for long-term infrastructure planning in such environments. The outcomes are expected to serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and civil engineers involved in road development and rehabilitation projects.

A Systematic Literature Review for Identifying Risk Factors in Storage Tank Construction Projects

Masca Indra Triana — 2026-01-15

This study aims to identify and validate critical risk factors in storage tank construction projects through a systematic literature review (SLR) and expert judgment using Aiken’s V method. 103 scientific journal articles were initially selected based on their relevance to storage tank construction risks. Following a rigorous screening process, 43 articles were deemed relevant and analyzed in detail. These articles synthesized 33 causal factors and six key risk factors, forming a preliminary model of risk factors. To validate the relevance of the identified factors, expert evaluation was conducted involving eight professionals with substantial experience in storage tank construction projects. The results of Aiken’s V analysis indicated that 13 causal factors and four key risk factors achieved a validity coefficient above the acceptable threshold, confirming their suitability for inclusion in further risk modeling processes. The findings of this study provide a solid foundation for future research in quantitative risk analysis, such as Bayesian Belief Network modeling, and offer practical insights for risk mitigation planning in storage tank construction projects Estimation, Flexible Pavement, Life-Cycle Cost, Pavement Design.

The Effect of Stage Construction Analysis on the Cost and Quality of Structural Work in the Tegalalang Bali Real Estate Building Project

I Wayan Gunawan — 2026-01-15

Evaluation of Road Damage Assessment Using IKP and SDI Methods in Kartini – KH. Ahmad Dahlan Street, Batam City

Baruna Aulya Rizkyandi — 2026-01-15

Batam City is one of the fastest-growing cities in terms of population and private vehicle ownership. Additionally, Batam serves as a transportation link connecting Indonesia to Singapore. The Kartini - Kh. Ahmad Dahlan road has not yet received proper maintenance for damage caused by the increasing daily traffic volume, nor does it have adequate drainage systems to handle rainfall, leading to flexible pavement being submerged in rainwater for extended periods. IKP (Pavement Condition Index) is a classification system for evaluating pavement surface conditions based on functionality, referring to the condition and damage observed on the pavement surface (Hardiyatmo, 2007). The IKP method categorizes pavement damage into three levels: Low (R), Medium (S), and High (T). Meanwhile, the Surface Distress Index (SDI) assesses pavement conditions through visual observations. Key types of damage considered during visual surveys include cracks, potholes, and wheel path rutting. The obtained values are calculated using the Bina Marga 2011. The average pavement damage value on Kartini - Kh. Ahmad Dahlan Street, based on the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method, is 47, which is categorized as good condition. Meanwhile, the average pavement damage value based on the Pavement Condition Index (IKP) method is 61, which falls into the moderate condition category.

Research on the Seismic Performance of Operational Level Structures, Immediate Occupancy, and Life Safety on the Cost of Construction and Maintenance or Restoration in the Event of a Major Earthquake

Ilham Nurdiansah — 2026-01-15

Indonesia is a country with a high seismic risk due to its location at the convergence of three major tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire. This study focuses on the structural performance of the 15-story Hotel building in Jember, which uses reinforced concrete as its primary material. The objective of this research is to compare structural performance at three different levels Operational (O), Immediate Occupancy (IO), and Life Safety (LS) and analyze their relationship to construction and restoration cost efficiency in the event of a major earthquake. The method used is pushover analysis, which generates a curve showing the relationship between base shear and roof displacement as a performance indicator. The results show that the existing design achieves an Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance level, with roof drift values of 0.81% in the X direction and 0.87% in the Y direction, and total construction and repair costs of Rp11,572,566,375.45 and Rp11,838,185,674.74, respectively. Alternative design 1 reaches the Life Safety (LS) level, with drift values of 1.01% (X) and 1.02% (Y), and costs of Rp14,972,137,001.20 and Rp14,994,291,934.73. Alternative design 2 achieves the Operational (O) level with the lowest drift values of 0.28% (X) and 0.05% (Y), with construction and repair costs of Rp11,667,557,090.31 and Rp12,802,012,673.57. Based on the analysis, the existing design is the most structurally and economically optimal. This research highlights the importance of a Performance-Based Design approach in developing earthquake-resistant and cost-efficient building structures.

Comparative Analysis of Cost and Time in the Implementation of Concrete Road Pavement and Asphalt Road Pavement on Road Sections Pilang-Sawocangkring, Sidoarjo Regency

Margareta Boru Tompul — 2026-01-15

The Pilang-Sawocangkring road section in Wonoayu District, Sidoarjo, has been damaged by heavy vehicle traffic that has increased along with the growth of agricultural activities. To address this problem, a comparison was made between concrete and asphalt road pavements to determine an efficient construction solution in terms of cost and time, and to support long-term logistics distribution. The planning process requires field surveys, daily traffic data collection (LHR), road pit tests, and laboratory analysis of soil conditions. The flexible pavement design was calculated using the MDPJ 2017 method, while the rigid pavement was designed using the Pd T-14-2003 approach. Comparisons were made on layer thickness, estimated construction costs, and implementation duration at design ages of 10 and 30 years. The results of the analysis show a significant increase in ESA5 and JSKN values from 2035 to 2055, which requires a stronger road structure. The flexible pavement increased in thickness from 35 cm to 42 cm, while the rigid pavement increased from 34 cm to 38 cm. Although the implementation of concrete roads takes longer (97–104 days compared to 18–22 days for asphalt), the total cost of construction and long-term maintenance is much more economical, namely IDR 5.06–7.63 billion compared to IDR 9.49–19.17 billion for asphalt roads.

Risk Analysis of Worker Movement Paths in the Heavy Equipment Operation Zone on the XYZ Surabaya Building Construction Project

Galuh Windu Anjas Sari — 2026-01-15

In a dynamic field work environment, the interaction between workers and heavy equipment is one of the most important sources of safety risk. The movement of workers in field areas operating with heavy equipment has a high risk potential, especially when the worker's path of travel intersects with the machine's work zone. Worker movement paths that are not safely designed can increase the potential for accidents, especially when crossing or adjacent to heavy equipment operating zones. This research was conducted on the XYZ Surabaya building construction project which has a high level of heavy equipment activity and a dense work area, giving rise to the potential for dangerous interactions between worker movement paths and heavy equipment movements in the field. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how much the level of danger that may be experienced by workers and show several danger hotspots with a high level of risk in the field using the multi objective function method in determining the field safety index value. The results showed that in the XYZ Surabaya Building construction project involving heavy equipment such as drilling bores, crawler cranes, and excavators, worker movement paths have varying levels of risk based on the working radius of the heavy equipment. The path with the highest level of danger is the movement from the container to the parking area, with a safety index value of 100. Followed by the path from the container to the iron fabrication area, which has a risk level of 75. Meanwhile, the path with the lowest risk level is found on the journey from the parking area to the diesel tank, and from the forming area to the diesel tank, each with a safety index value of 10.