Proceeding International Civil Engineering Forum Untag Surabaya

Value Engineering in the Implementation of Surajaya Stadium Construction

2025-12-15T08:03:30+00:00

The construction of Surajaya Stadium in Lamongan Regency faces a shortage of implementation costs after 0% Mutual Check calculation. Total contract value of Rp. 252,965,579,881(excluding VAT). This cost shortfall is due to the addition of new volumes and work items to meet FIFA standards. Given that the proposed additional costs could not be approved, value engineering measures were required so that the project could be completed without increasing the cost of the work. The steps taken included: 1) Information Stage, by calculating the percentage of cost against the contract value and focusing on large weighted works, using Pareto; 2) Creative Stage, by designing alternative ideas to fulfill the main function of the stadium; 3) Analysis Stage, which is the analysis of the works to be Value Engineering. The AHP method is also used to help analyze the determination of choices; 4) Recommendation Stage, compiling reports and recommendations for optimal new designs to save costs; and 5) Development Stage, compiling written suggestions for the best alternatives that meet economic and technical criteria to be evaluated and implemented. With this approach, it is expected that the Surajaya Stadium project can be completed within the specified budget. The application of Value Engineering resulted in cost savings of Rp. 2,900,531,720.00 (excluding VAT), as well as implementation time efficiency of up to 41 days. These findings confirm that Value Engineering is effective in improving cost and time efficiency in construction projects.

Cost and Time Analysis with Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) Method in the Construction of ITS Banking Building Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim

2025-12-16T06:38:43+00:00

In a construction project, there are many activities carried out with great care. Therefore, the completion of a project requires management in planning, monitoring, and execution while considering project control to account for resources, including time, cost, and project progress, so that it can be properly managed. A project generally has a defined timeframe, meaning it must be completed before or exactly on the planned date. Due to issues that may arise during the project execution process, timely completion becomes the primary objective. This research aims to identify acceleration strategies for the construction of the ITS Banking Building on Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim, with CV. Poltek Nasional as the implementing contractor. The study will optimize the time and cost of project completion using the case study of the ITS Banking Building construction on Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim. Based on the contract agreement, the project completion timeframe is 120 calendar days, starting from December 30, 2024, to April 29, 2025. The method used in this study is Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO), which aims to determine the amount of time and cost required to accelerate the ITS Banking Building construction project. Through this analysis, it is expected to produce a comparison analysis of cost and time, and to reschedule using the Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) method to address potential delays in the ITS Banking Building construction. The results of this research may also contribute significantly to efforts in optimizing the time and cost of construction projects for the contractor involved and for future projects.

Cost and Time Evaluation Using the Time-Cost Trade-Off (TCTO) Method on the International & Domestic Wharf Strengthening Project of Teluk Lamong Terminal

2025-12-16T06:42:40+00:00

Construction project management requires optimal balance between time, cost, and quality to achieve project success. This research analyzes the International and Domestic Wharf strengthening project at Teluk Lamong Terminal, Surabaya, which experienced delays due to unpredictable ship berthing schedules. The study applies Time-Cost Trade-Off (TCTO) method to optimize project duration and costs through critical path analysis and overtime alternatives. The project, valued at IDR 34 billion with original duration of 365 days, was analyzed using three overtime scenarios (1, 2, and 3 hours daily). Results show that 3-hour overtime scenario achieves maximum time efficiency of 14% (51 days acceleration to 314 days) with cost efficiency of 0.27% (IDR 92.97 million savings). The TCTO method successfully identifies optimal acceleration strategy, reducing project duration from 365 to 314 days while maintaining cost effectiveness. This research contributes practical framework for construction project optimization in marine infrastructure development.

Thickness of Overlay Design with CESA5 Implementation and Benkelman Beam Deflection Through Manual Method of Road Pavement Design 2024 on Pahlawan Street, Sidoarjo Regency

2025-12-16T06:57:56+00:00

Jalan Pahlawan - Sidoarjo is a collector road with a Type 4/2 D Road with a length of 3.3 km located in Sidoarjo Regency. The road is a connecting road with a fairly high intensity of activity, which causes the quality of the road pavement to weaken. Road damage that occurs such as cracking, peeling of aggregate grains, and holes. So it is necessary to plan an overlay to increase the strength of the structure and avoid more severe damage by traffic loads. This study uses the 2024 Pavement Design Manual (MDP) method with the CESA5 approach and deflection from Benkelman Beam. Secondary data used in the form of Benkelman Beam (BB) deflection and average daily traffic data (LHR) obtained from the PU Bina Marga Service with the results of CESA4 values of 16,760,006 ESA and CESA5 of 19,990,025 ESA. The results show that the thickness of the overlay with a design life of 20 years based on the maximum deflection D0 0.376 is 5 cm, and the thickness based on the deflection curve D200 0.239 mm is 12 cm. From the analysis results, the overlay thickness is taken as 12 cm, because with a thickness of 12 cm it is expected to withstand damage due to fatigue cracks before the planned age caused by the load of passing vehicles, so that road users can operate safely and comfortably on Jalan Pahlawan - Sidoarjo.

Structural Performance Evaluation of Anwar Medika Hospital Building with Pushover Method Using SNI 1726:2019

2025-12-16T07:06:33+00:00

This research aims to evaluate the performance of the building structure using the pushover analysis method on Anwar Medika hospital building in Sidoarjo City. The pushover method is performed by applying static horizontal earthquake loads gradually to the building structure model. This research was conducted by analyzing the capacity curve, performance point, and seismic performance level of the building structure with the SAP 2000 program. The building data used is the shop drawing of Anwar Medika hospital building with certain specifications such as building area, concrete quality, and steel quality. The analysis process includes deviation control, Load Case Pushover Analysis generation, plastic joint definition, pushover static analysis, performance level determination, and result evaluation. Assumptions in modeling include the use of columns and beams as Frames, floor slabs as Shell-Thin, and shear walls as Shell-Thick. The analysis results provide information on capacity curves, plastic joint distribution schemes, and performance points to assess the performance of structures against lateral loads such as earthquakes. Adjustments to the latest standards such as SNI 1726:2019 and SNI 2847:2019 are also made in the evaluation of building performance. In addition, this research also discusses the calculation of shear force, nominal shear, and shear reinforcement at the beam-column relationship, as well as the control of inter-level deviation. The results of this research are expected to provide a better understanding of the pushover method and become a guideline for further research in the field of building structure performance evaluation. From the results of the pushover analysis, it was found that the performance level of the building structure included the DC (Damage Control) category on both axes with a total drift value of 277.114 mm in the X axis and a total drift value of 297.903 mm in the Y axis.

Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategies in the Flexible Pavement Construction Project of the Radial Road in Surabaya

2025-12-16T07:18:02+00:00

The construction of a 1.7 km radial road in the western area of Surabaya plays a vital role in alleviating traffic congestion and enhancing the efficiency of urban mobility. As a connector between the city center and peripheral zones, the radial road is regarded as a strategic solution to improve interregional connectivity and support sustainable urban development. However, throughout its planning and implementation stages, the project is vulnerable to various risks that may hinder its successful execution. This study aims to analyze the most critical risks among those identified and to evaluate the most appropriate risk response strategies. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative assessment. Risk identification was carried out by referencing similar infrastructure projects, followed by validation and assessment based on the probability of occurrence and the level of impact. Data were collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) involving professionals and stakeholders with direct experience in infrastructure development. Quantitative analysis employed a risk response scenario approach. The findings reveal six major risks with significant influence on project performance: (1) design changes, (2) inadequate data collection and preliminary surveys prior to the design phase, (3) limited access for mobilizing materials and heavy equipment, (4) unresolved land compensation involving both private and public properties, (5) temporary work stoppages due to community protests, and (6) overlapping activities from private sector projects within the same area. These findings serve as the basis for developing more effective risk mitigation strategies to ensure that the project is implemented in a timely, efficient, and sustainable manner.

Risk Control Analysis of Process Failures in Storage Tank Fabrication Using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Method

2025-12-16T07:38:43+00:00

The storage tank fabrication industry plays a crucial role in the energy, chemical, and processing sectors due to its function in storing high-risk substances such as fuels, chemical liquids, and natural gas. Fabrication processes that do not comply with standards can lead to serious failures, including leaks, fires, or explosions, which impact workplace safety, environmental damage, and financial losses. This study aims to analyze and control failure risks in the storage tank fabrication process at PT. Sarana Remaja Mandiri. The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method is used to identify cause-and-effect relationships of potential failures, both technical and human-related. The analysis results show that the main causes of failure include design errors, improper material selection, welding defects, and non-compliance with operational procedures. Recommended mitigation efforts include enhanced supervision, workforce training, and the use of more reliable technologies and materials. By applying FTA and appropriate risk control strategies, the company can improve product quality, operational efficiency, and maintain its reputation in the storage tank fabrication industry.

Performance Analysis of Unsignaled Intersection JL. Menganti - Jl. Darkun - Jl. Pahlawan Mubin Wonokoyo Gresik Regency

2025-12-16T07:47:42+00:00

The increasing movement of transportation is one of the main causes of traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in Gresik Regency is often found on several highways, one of which is at the unsignalized intersection of Menganti road with the conditions around the intersection being a commercial area. Therefore, efforts are needed to overcome congestion by studying and analyzing the conditions and performance of the unsignalized intersection on Menganti road so that the feasibility of an unsignalized intersection can be determined. Data in the form of population data, geometric data, traffic flow data, and side obstacle data are then analyzed using the unsignalized intersection calculation formula that has been included in the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) 2023. The results of the research on the performance of the unsignalized four-way intersection of Menganti road were obtained as follows: The highest Average Daily Traffic (ADR) was on Wednesday, May 7, 2025, which was 2500.846 vehicles/hour; peak traffic hours occurred at 07.00-08.00; The highest Degree of Saturation (DJ) was on Monday, May 5, 2025, which was 0.91231 with a Capacity (C) of 3095 vehicles/hour, Delay (T) of 17.76845 sec/vehicle, Queue Opportunity (PA) of -1.00%-65,86%. The solutions that can be provided are to install traffic lights, widen each approach and implement a one-way system on approach D (Pahlawan Mubin Wonokoy road) and divert it to Sidomulyo road.

Road Condition Assessment Using SDI and IRI Methods in Brigjend. Pol. Imam Bachri Hadi Pranoto Street, Kediri

2025-12-16T07:51:18+00:00

Roads are essential infrastructure that support community mobility and economic growth. Road damage can reduce comfort, safety, and service life. One of the road segments in Kediri City that has suffered damage is Brigjend. Pol. Imam Bachri Hadi Pranoto Street, which serves a strategic function as an access route for distribution and tourism. This study aims to analyze road damage conditions using the Surface Distress Index (SDI) and International Roughness Index (IRI). The method employed involves surveys SDI assessment based on visual observations of the type and severity of surface damage. The IRI was measured using the Roadroid application to quantify road roughness. The condition of Brigjend. Pol. Imam Bachri Hadi Pranoto Street in Kediri City has an average SDI value of 110, indicating a lightly damaged condition that requires a Road Rehabilitation Program. The average IRI value obtained is 5.08, which falls into the moderately damaged category, thus necessitating a Periodic Maintenance Program. These differences between the two methods arise because the IRI value is derived from the vibrations experienced on the tire surface, which does not capture the entire surface condition, while the SDI is determined through visual assessment and weighted scoring.

Sustainable Urban Water Governance: Identifying Barriers and Strategies in Green Water Management through Bibliometric Review

2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00

Rapid urbanization has intensified challenges in sustainable water management, putting pressure on conventional wastewater treatment systems and threatening urban water security. This study systematically identifies key social, economic, and technical barriers to the sustainability of green water management and explores integrated strategies to overcome these obstacles. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 14 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025, retrieved from the Scopus database. Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis and thematic mapping, the study reveals dominant research themes and collaborative networks in this field. The findings highlight critical barriers such as low public awareness, inadequate infrastructure, funding limitations, weak policies, climate variability, and insufficient stakeholder cooperation. Major research topics include rainwater, runoff, and climate change impacts, with significant contributions from China, the United States, South Korea, and Italy. Recommended strategies to address these challenges include enhancing public education, developing green infrastructure, fostering multi-sector collaboration, strengthening regulations, and promoting further research. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to improve urban water governance and resilience through sustainable green water management amid rapid metropolitan growth.

Performance Analysis Study of Blimbing Three Intersection, Gudo District, Jombang Regency

2025-12-17T04:21:37+00:00

The Performance Analysis Study of the Blimbing T-Junction in Gudo District, Jombang Regency aims to evaluate the current traffic conditions and propose alternative solutions to improve traffic safety and efficiency. This study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data. Primary data were collected through direct surveys, including intersection inventory and Classified Turning Movement Counting (CTMC), while secondary data were sourced from BPS, Bappeda, and the Department of Transportation. The analysis refers to the 2023 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (PKJI), focusing on key parameters such as capacity, degree of saturation, delay, and queue probability. The findings indicate that the current condition of the intersection is congested, especially on Sundays, with an average delay of 30.99 seconds and a queue length of 26.53 meters (LOS D). Results show that the best performance, with an average delay of 24.05 seconds and a queue length of 16.28 meters, achieving LOS C. This study recommends as the most effective solution for improving intersection performance, enhancing road user safety, and supporting sustainable mobility in the area.

Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Glass Office Building of PT Pertamina Patra Niaga-ITJ in the Context of Climate Resilience

2025-12-17T04:27:15+00:00

High energy consumption in office buildings remains a critical challenge in achieving climate-resilient infrastructure, especially in tropical countries like Indonesia. This study analyzes the energy efficiency performance of a glass-façade office building owned by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga-ITJ, based on findings from an internal energy audit conducted in 2023. The audit revealed that the building’s energy consumption, particularly for air conditioning and artificial lighting, far exceeds national efficiency standards. With an Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) of 246.567 kWh/m²/year, which is well beyond the threshold of 100-150 kWh/m²/year, the building is classified as inefficient. The primary cause is identified as the fully glazed façade, which lacks adequate thermal protection and significantly increases solar heat gain. This results in a high reliance on mechanical cooling systems and increased operational costs. The study emphasizes the urgency of integrating passive retrofit strategies, such as fixed external shading devices, double-skin façades, and green roofs, to reduce thermal loads and improve building performance. While no physical intervention was proposed, the study provides a strategic foundation for future design improvements aligned with climate resilience goals. These findings support the role of regular energy audits as essential tools for sustainable building management and informed retrofit planning in tropical urban contexts.

Comparative Analysis of Cost and Time in the Implementation of Rigid and Flexible Road Pavements on the Sambeng–Kedewan Road Section, Bojonegoro Regency

2025-12-17T04:35:22+00:00

The Sambeng–Kedewan area in Bojonegoro Regency is an agrarian region that is developing in both the agricultural and energy sectors. However, it faces challenges in road infrastructure. Inadequate road access affects the distribution of agricultural products and logistical efficiency, particularly in the Kasiman and Kedewan sub-districts. Therefore, an evaluation of the most technically and economically feasible type of pavement is required. This study utilizes the 2017 Manual for Pavement Design (MDPJ) for flexible pavement and the PDT-14 2003 guidelines for rigid pavement. The analysis is based on several collected data, including soil data, average daily traffic, and design life spans of 20 and 40 years. The comparison covers aspects such as pavement structure, thickness, estimated construction time, and cost estimation (RAB). The research results show that for a 20-year design life, the cost of flexible pavement is IDR 14,968,896,000, while the cost of rigid pavement is IDR 12,154,372,000—resulting in a cost efficiency difference of IDR 2,814,524,000 or 18.8%. For a 40-year design life, the cost of flexible pavement reaches IDR 27,358,928,000, while rigid pavement costs IDR 18,974,693,000, indicating a cost efficiency of IDR 8,384,235,000 or 30.6%. In terms of time, flexible pavement requires 98 days to construct, whereas rigid pavement takes 110 days. Thus, rigid pavement demonstrates greater long-term cost efficiency, although it requires slightly more construction time.

Comparative Analysis of ESA5 and JSKN for Pavement Design over 20- and 40-Year Lifespan on Kyai H. Ahmad Dahlan Road, Pasuruan City, Indonesia

2025-12-17T04:40:26+00:00

This research aims to evaluate the long-term impact of traffic loads on pavement structures through the analysis of Equivalent Standard Axle Load to the fifth power (ESA5) and the Number of Commercial Vehicle Axles (JSKN). The study is conducted on Kyai H. Ahmad Dahlan Road in Pasuruan City, Indonesia, a strategic urban corridor characterized by high economic and logistical activity. Two design life scenarios—20 years and 40 years—are considered to assess the structural adequacy of both flexible and rigid pavement systems. Traffic load calculations are based on the 2024 Indonesian Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ 2024), taking into account traffic growth rates, axle load equivalency factors, and lane distribution coefficients. ESA5 and JSKN values are projected for both planning horizons to estimate cumulative loading and determine the appropriate pavement layer thickness. The analysis reveals a substantial increase in traffic load projections: ESA5 increases from 35,281,489 to 115,975,081, and JSKN rises from 29,155,119 to 103,618,110 axles. These findings underscore the need for stronger and more durable pavement structures. The results serve as a critical basis for selecting economically efficient and longlasting pavement types, particularly in urban areas with diverse traffic intensities. This study offers valuable technical insights for infrastructure planners and engineers in optimizing pavement design for extended service life. Understanding the implications of ESA5 and JSKN over longer design periods enables more informed decision-making that aligns pavement strategies with budget limitations, traffic demand, and sustainability objectives in road infrastructure development.

Cost Budget Plan Analysis Ponorogo District Drainage Works

2025-12-17T04:46:15+00:00

One of the infrastructure problems in the Ponorogo region is flooding in the Ponorogo City area caused by the urban drainage system. A good urban area must consider the condition of the drainage channels. This is very important because urban areas will be greatly affected if residential areas experience inundation. Sedimentation and garbage in some areas of the drainage area cause the existing capacity to be reduced in draining water. The areas of Jl. Jaksa Agung Suprapto, Jl. Bhayangkara and Jl. Kbp. Duriyat are areas that often experience inundation up to 30 cm and occur up to 6 times within one year. The purpose of this research is to determine the Cost Budget Plan based on the Unit Price Analysis of Work in 2025. Unit price analysis is a calculation method to determine the cost per unit of a construction work in completing one unit of work. Unit Price Analysis consists of 3 main components, namely Labor Costs, Material Costs and Equipment Costs. Based on the calculation of the analysis of the unit price of work (AHSP) the repair Budget Plan for Jl. Jaksa Agung Suprapto using U-ditch type 100×100 × 120 cm is Rp. 4.737.014.000,00. For Jl. Bhayangkara using Uditch type 80×80×120 cm amounted to Rp. 3.477.372.000,00 and Jl. Kbp. Duriyat using Uditch type 80×80×120 cm amounted to Rp. 3.266.838.000,00. The total budget plan needed to overcome inundation areas in the area of Jl. Jaksa Agung Suprapto-Jl. Bhayangkara and Jl. Kbp. Duriyat is 11.481.224.000,00.

An Analysis of Time and Cost Using the Critical Path Method (CPM) in the ITS Bank Building Construction Project

2025-12-17T04:54:34+00:00

The provision of banking service facilities within a campus environment is an essential requirement to support the smooth running of academic and operational activities in higher education institutions. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) responded to this need by constructing a bank building as part of the development of a modern and digital campus ecosystem. The construction project of the ITS Bank Building was scheduled for a duration of 120 calendar days, with a maintenance period of 180 calendar days. During its implementation, the project encountered several obstacles that led to deviations between the planned schedule and the actual progress on-site. In the twelfth week, the planned progress of 37.274% was not achieved, as the actual progress only reached 32.018%, resulting in a delay of –5.256%. Weather conditions and the complexity of the work were the main factors contributing to the delay. This study aims to analyze the project's critical path and optimal completion time by applying the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Fast Track method. Fast Track is an acceleration technique that allows project activities to be carried out in parallel in order to shorten the overall project duration. The analysis involves identifying critical activities using CPM and then rescheduling the project using the Fast Track approach to determine the optimal project duration.Based on the analysis, several activities were identified as being on the critical path, namely: 1) road and parking work, 2) drainage and bridge work, 3) landscaping, 4) connection fees, and 5) final cleaning work. The results show that the optimal duration after implementing the Fast Track method in the ITS Bank Building construction project is 112 working days, which is a 6.7% reduction from the initial plan of 120 days.

Optimization of Arjonegoro Commuter Train Travel Schedule

2025-12-17T05:00:58+00:00

Arjonegoro Commuter Train is one of the city trains in East Java that serves the railways on the Sidoarjo - Bojonegoro route. This train is a mainstay transportation for the Bojonegoro community and its surroundings. Passengers consider that the Arjonegoro Commuter travel schedule is not yet in accordance with the needs of the community who need the Arjonegoro Commuter as a mode of transportation as daily commuters. The population in this study were all Arjonegoro train passengers while the sample were Arjonegoro train passengers who were successfully surveyed. This study uses Primary and Secondary data in the data collection process. Primary data was obtained from a direct survey of Arjonegoro train passengers at 18 stations serving the Arjonegoro train. This study uses a combination of Quantitative and Qualitative methods. The Quantitative approach with descriptive analysis is used in measuring the results of the passenger survey. The results of the descriptive analysis will later be used as a literature study as a qualitative approach by checking compliance with applicable regulations. The results of the study indicate that the existing Arjonegoro train schedule has met the desires of passengers, but the existing trip only reaches from Babat Station - Sidoarjo Station. From secondary data, the demand for urban train transportation on the Babat - Bojonegoro route is quite high. It is necessary to extend the relation from Bojonegoro to Babat so that passengers from Bojonegoro Station can be served by the Arjonegoro train. The Conclusion is that the optimization of the Arjonegoro train schedule can be done by extending the Arjonegoro Morning train relation to Bojonegoro - Sidoarjo and extending the Arjonegoro Evening train relation to Sidoarjo - Bojonegoro.

Cost Estimation Analysis of Construction and Periodic Maintenance for Flexible and Rigid Pavement Structures on Tulangan–Kludan Road, Sidoarjo

2025-12-17T06:46:23+00:00

The increasing volume of heavy vehicle traffic in the industrial corridor of Tulangan District, Sidoarjo Regency, has led to significant structural damage on existing road infrastructure. This study aims to estimate and compare the construction and periodic maintenance costs of flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavement types using the 2024 Manual for Pavement Design (MDPJ). Two design service lives are considered: 20 years and 40 years. Key parameters such as average daily traffic (ADT), vehicle axle load distributions, subgrade CBR values, and pavement layer structures were used as input data for the analysis. The results show that for a 20-year design life, the total estimated cost for flexible pavement construction and maintenance is IDR 11,682,139,550.00, while rigid pavement requires only IDR 5,801,488,318.52. For a 40-year design life, the cost for flexible pavement increases significantly to IDR 25,314,961,074.00, whereas rigid pavement costs only IDR 7,468,372,401.44. These findings indicate that rigid pavement offers a cost-saving of up to IDR 17,846,588,672.56 over flexible pavement in the long term, largely due to its lower maintenance frequency and higher structural durability. This study highlights the importance of incorporating life-cycle cost analysis in pavement type selection, especially in industrial zones with high traffic intensity. Rigid pavement proves to be a more economically sustainable option for long-term infrastructure planning in such environments. The outcomes are expected to serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and civil engineers involved in road development and rehabilitation projects.

A Systematic Literature Review for Identifying Risk Factors in Storage Tank Construction Projects

2025-12-17T06:58:44+00:00

This study aims to identify and validate critical risk factors in storage tank construction projects through a systematic literature review (SLR) and expert judgment using Aiken’s V method. 103 scientific journal articles were initially selected based on their relevance to storage tank construction risks. Following a rigorous screening process, 43 articles were deemed relevant and analyzed in detail. These articles synthesized 33 causal factors and six key risk factors, forming a preliminary model of risk factors. To validate the relevance of the identified factors, expert evaluation was conducted involving eight professionals with substantial experience in storage tank construction projects. The results of Aiken’s V analysis indicated that 13 causal factors and four key risk factors achieved a validity coefficient above the acceptable threshold, confirming their suitability for inclusion in further risk modeling processes. The findings of this study provide a solid foundation for future research in quantitative risk analysis, such as Bayesian Belief Network modeling, and offer practical insights for risk mitigation planning in storage tank construction projects Estimation, Flexible Pavement, Life-Cycle Cost, Pavement Design.

The Effect of Stage Construction Analysis on the Cost and Quality of Structural Work in the Tegalalang Bali Real Estate Building Project

2025-12-17T07:05:48+00:00

Evaluation of Road Damage Assessment Using IKP and SDI Methods in Kartini – KH. Ahmad Dahlan Street, Batam City

2025-12-17T07:31:12+00:00

Batam City is one of the fastest-growing cities in terms of population and private vehicle ownership. Additionally, Batam serves as a transportation link connecting Indonesia to Singapore. The Kartini - Kh. Ahmad Dahlan road has not yet received proper maintenance for damage caused by the increasing daily traffic volume, nor does it have adequate drainage systems to handle rainfall, leading to flexible pavement being submerged in rainwater for extended periods. IKP (Pavement Condition Index) is a classification system for evaluating pavement surface conditions based on functionality, referring to the condition and damage observed on the pavement surface (Hardiyatmo, 2007). The IKP method categorizes pavement damage into three levels: Low (R), Medium (S), and High (T). Meanwhile, the Surface Distress Index (SDI) assesses pavement conditions through visual observations. Key types of damage considered during visual surveys include cracks, potholes, and wheel path rutting. The obtained values are calculated using the Bina Marga 2011. The average pavement damage value on Kartini - Kh. Ahmad Dahlan Street, based on the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method, is 47, which is categorized as good condition. Meanwhile, the average pavement damage value based on the Pavement Condition Index (IKP) method is 61, which falls into the moderate condition category.

An integrated Approach of Rapid Visual Screening and Fault Tree Analysis in Assessing Reliability of Low-Rise Building in Active Seismic Zones

2026-03-04T07:08:01+00:00

This study aims to assess the seismic reliability of low-rise residential buildings in Surabaya’s western districts, which lie along the active Kendeng Fault. By integrating Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), the research evaluates both observable vulnerabilities and underlying failure mechanisms within 30 informally constructed homes. The RVS results indicate that 76.7% of buildings require further evaluation and 23.3% are classified as unsafe, with none meeting the minimum safe criteria. Major risk factors identified include shallow foundations, lack of reinforcement, unanchored heavy roofs, and plan irregularities. The application of FTA revealed that structural failure often results from the interaction of multiple weaknesses rather than a single cause. This integrated RVS-FTA approach not only enhances vulnerability diagnostics but also informs prioritized retrofitting strategies. The findings support the need for holistic mitigation efforts involving structural reinforcement, community education, and localized policy reform to reduce disaster risks in urban informal settlements.

Research on the Seismic Performance of Operational Level Structures, Immediate Occupancy, and Life Safety on the Cost of Construction and Maintenance or Restoration in the Event of a Major Earthquake

2025-12-17T07:35:07+00:00

Indonesia is a country with a high seismic risk due to its location at the convergence of three major tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire. This study focuses on the structural performance of the 15-story Hotel building in Jember, which uses reinforced concrete as its primary material. The objective of this research is to compare structural performance at three different levels Operational (O), Immediate Occupancy (IO), and Life Safety (LS) and analyze their relationship to construction and restoration cost efficiency in the event of a major earthquake. The method used is pushover analysis, which generates a curve showing the relationship between base shear and roof displacement as a performance indicator. The results show that the existing design achieves an Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance level, with roof drift values of 0.81% in the X direction and 0.87% in the Y direction, and total construction and repair costs of Rp11,572,566,375.45 and Rp11,838,185,674.74, respectively. Alternative design 1 reaches the Life Safety (LS) level, with drift values of 1.01% (X) and 1.02% (Y), and costs of Rp14,972,137,001.20 and Rp14,994,291,934.73. Alternative design 2 achieves the Operational (O) level with the lowest drift values of 0.28% (X) and 0.05% (Y), with construction and repair costs of Rp11,667,557,090.31 and Rp12,802,012,673.57. Based on the analysis, the existing design is the most structurally and economically optimal. This research highlights the importance of a Performance-Based Design approach in developing earthquake-resistant and cost-efficient building structures.

Comparative Analysis of Cost and Time in the Implementation of Concrete Road Pavement and Asphalt Road Pavement on Road Sections Pilang-Sawocangkring, Sidoarjo Regency

2025-12-17T07:40:25+00:00

The Pilang-Sawocangkring road section in Wonoayu District, Sidoarjo, has been damaged by heavy vehicle traffic that has increased along with the growth of agricultural activities. To address this problem, a comparison was made between concrete and asphalt road pavements to determine an efficient construction solution in terms of cost and time, and to support long-term logistics distribution. The planning process requires field surveys, daily traffic data collection (LHR), road pit tests, and laboratory analysis of soil conditions. The flexible pavement design was calculated using the MDPJ 2017 method, while the rigid pavement was designed using the Pd T-14-2003 approach. Comparisons were made on layer thickness, estimated construction costs, and implementation duration at design ages of 10 and 30 years. The results of the analysis show a significant increase in ESA5 and JSKN values from 2035 to 2055, which requires a stronger road structure. The flexible pavement increased in thickness from 35 cm to 42 cm, while the rigid pavement increased from 34 cm to 38 cm. Although the implementation of concrete roads takes longer (97–104 days compared to 18–22 days for asphalt), the total cost of construction and long-term maintenance is much more economical, namely IDR 5.06–7.63 billion compared to IDR 9.49–19.17 billion for asphalt roads.

Risk Analysis of Worker Movement Paths in the Heavy Equipment Operation Zone on the XYZ Surabaya Building Construction Project

2025-12-17T07:44:41+00:00

In a dynamic field work environment, the interaction between workers and heavy equipment is one of the most important sources of safety risk. The movement of workers in field areas operating with heavy equipment has a high risk potential, especially when the worker's path of travel intersects with the machine's work zone. Worker movement paths that are not safely designed can increase the potential for accidents, especially when crossing or adjacent to heavy equipment operating zones. This research was conducted on the XYZ Surabaya building construction project which has a high level of heavy equipment activity and a dense work area, giving rise to the potential for dangerous interactions between worker movement paths and heavy equipment movements in the field. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how much the level of danger that may be experienced by workers and show several danger hotspots with a high level of risk in the field using the multi objective function method in determining the field safety index value. The results showed that in the XYZ Surabaya Building construction project involving heavy equipment such as drilling bores, crawler cranes, and excavators, worker movement paths have varying levels of risk based on the working radius of the heavy equipment. The path with the highest level of danger is the movement from the container to the parking area, with a safety index value of 100. Followed by the path from the container to the iron fabrication area, which has a risk level of 75. Meanwhile, the path with the lowest risk level is found on the journey from the parking area to the diesel tank, and from the forming area to the diesel tank, each with a safety index value of 10.

Reconstruction of the Gampang – Peti’in Road Section, Lamongan Regency Using the Concrete Pavement Method Pd T-14-2003

2026-01-14T03:21:07+00:00

The Gampang – Peti’in road section of Lamongan Regency has strategic value because it is the main access to support the agricultural, trade, and public service sectors. With damaged road conditions, logistics costs increase, and travel times become longer. This has a direct impact on the welfare of the community, especially those who depend on the local economic sector. Based on this phenomenon, it is necessary to conduct research on road reconstruction, which includes repairing the foundation layer, re-asphalting, and improving the drainage system to prevent damage due to waterlogging. The objectives of the research are (1) to analyze the total number of axles of commercial vehicles, (2) to analyze the dimensions required for the construction of concrete road pavements and asphalt road pavements. The method used is the Concrete Pavement Method Pd T-14-2003. The results of the study are (1) the total number of commercial vehicle axles is 1,904 axles, (2) the dimensions needed for the construction of concrete road pavement are using Pd T-14-2003, the concrete road is planned to have a width of 6.00 m, the value of the Total Number of Commercial Vehicle Axles (JSKN) is 42,206,965.54. Asphalt road pavement uses Pd T-14-2003, the concrete road is planned to have a width of 6.00 m, the concrete pavement thickness is 20 cm, the class A foundation layer is 15 cm thick.

Comparative Analysis of Concrete Road Pavement Improvement and Asphalt Road Pavement Reviewed from Cost and Time Aspects on the Bringkang – Lampah Road Section, Gresik Regency

2026-03-02T04:16:21+00:00

The southern region of Gresik Regency has experienced significant development in the residential, agricultural, and industrial sectors, necessitating improvements in road infrastructure. The Bringkang–Lampah road segment serves as a vital link between agricultural areas, residential zones, and local economic centers. The current damaged condition of the road disrupts community mobility. Therefore, a comparative analysis between rigid pavement (concrete) and flexible pavement (asphalt) is required from both technical and economic perspectives. The methods used are the Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan (MDPJ 2017) for flexible pavement and Pd T-14-2003 for rigid pavement. Data were obtained through field surveys, Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) tests, and traffic volume analysis for 20- and 40-year projections. The calculations for pavement thickness and cost were conducted by considering the reuse of existing pavement structures for efficiency. Construction time was also evaluated as a key variable in assessing the effectiveness of each pavement type. The study found that flexible pavement requires a cost of Rp 15,382,772,000 with a design life of 20 years, while rigid pavement requires Rp 18,093,230,000 with a 40-year design life. Although the initial cost of rigid pavement is 17.61% higher, it has twice the service life and better resistance to heavy traffic. In terms of construction time, flexible pavement requires 56 days, while rigid pavement takes 72 days. Therefore, it can be concluded that rigid pavement is more economical in the long term for roads with high traffic loads and longer design life.

Cost Analysis of Construction and Maintenance of Asphalt and Concrete Pavement on Siwalanpanji–Kemiri Road with 20- and 40-Year Design Lives

2026-03-02T04:26:49+00:00

The Siwalanpanji–Kemiri road in Sidoarjo Regency, Indonesia, is undergoing a functional transformation from a local residential street into a critical industrial corridor. This transition demands robust pavement structures capable of supporting high traffic volumes and heavy vehicle loads. This study aims to analyze and compare the total construction and maintenance costs of flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavement types for two design service lives—20 years and 40 years—using the Indonesian 2024 Manual for Pavement Design (MDPJ). The analysis incorporates key input parameters including average daily traffic (ADT), subgrade CBR values, and pavement structural requirements based on projected traffic loads. The findings reveal that for a 20-year design life, asphalt pavement requires a total cost of IDR 6,189,881,462, whereas concrete pavement requires only IDR 3,806,362,406. For a 40-year design life, the total cost rises to IDR 10,699,000,396 for asphalt and IDR 7,193,356,701 for concrete. These results indicate that concrete pavement offers a cost saving of IDR 2.38 billion for a 20-year life and IDR 3.5 billion for a 40-year life compared to asphalt. The economic advantage of concrete is primarily attributed to its longer structural durability and lower maintenance frequency over time. This study concludes that concrete pavement is a more cost-effective and sustainable solution for industrial roadways with long service life requirements and high axle load demands. The results provide a practical reference for infrastructure planners and policymakers in selecting optimal pavement types based on long-term economic considerations in industrial and high-traffic regions.

Weighting Analysis of Aspects and Criteria in Priority Handling of Primary Local Road Bridge Infrastructure in Bojonegoro Regency

2026-03-02T04:37:16+00:00

Optimal handling of bridge infrastructure certainly requires good management, starting from the planning stage to the construction implementation stage. The problems currently faced in determining the priority of bridge management in Bojonegoro Regency include budget limitations due to budget efficiency from the central government, especially on primary local roads, Determining the priority of bridge handling is important because with this efficiency, priority selection must be made for bridges that have been programmed in the Budget Implementation Document for the Bridge Widening Sub-Activity for the 2025 Fiscal Year. Thus, the bridge maintenance activities that have been programmed by the Public Works, Highways and Spatial Planning Department of Bojonegoro Regency are optimal and on target. Weighting aspects and criteria is a stage carried out to obtain the right combination in selecting bridge priorities. The weighting was obtained from the results of analyzing questionnaire data from 30 respondents. The analysis was carried out by calculating the geometric mean and square of the matrix to then calculate the priority weight and test the consistency of the matrix. The results of the study show that the weighting of the aspects in the order is Cost Aspect, Basic Service Aspect, Technical Aspect and Spatial Structure Aspect. Meanwhile, the weighting of the criteria according to the order is Supporting Area Service Center, Supporting Local Activity Center, Supporting Environmental Service Center and Supporting Regional Activity Center for the Spatial Structure Aspect. Cost Aspect with the order of Transportation Cost, Equipment Cost, Labor Cost and Material Cost. Technical Aspect with the order of Bridge Condition Data, Road Capacity Level, Implementation Time, Bridge Width, Road Function and Traffic Density Level. Basic Service Aspect with the order of Community Activity Centers (Markets, Village/Sub-district Offices), Residential Areas, Health Facilities (Health Centers, Clinics, Hospitals) and Educational Facilities (Kindergarten, Elementary School/Elementary Islamic School, Junior High School/Junior Islamic School, Senior High School/Vocational School/ Islamic High School, Public Universities /Private College).

Implementation Value Engineering on the Project Building Construction Guest House in Mojokerto District

2026-03-02T04:45:23+00:00

Data analysis is the process of processing data to obtain useful information that can be used to make decisions about how to solve problems. In this study, the Value Engineering method is also known as "value engineering", used to conduct data analysis systematically and planned. The following are the steps taken to analyze data using the value engineering method in this study. Information phase (Information phase),Creative phase (creative phase), Assessment Phase (judgment phase),Development Phase (Development phase),and Presentation Phase. Based on the evaluation analysis that has been carried out in the application of Value Engineering in the concrete work of the Construction of the Mojokerto Regency Guest House Building, with reference to the Value Engineering Work Plan, several conclusions can be drawn below: a)Value Engineering on the main structural work, namely Columns and Floor Plates in the Construction of the Guest House Building in Mojokerto Regency, b)After several alternatives were carried out, the following proposals were implemented: Column with a span of 4.0 m uses an initial dimension of 50/50 and the column after VE uses a dimension of 40/40. The thickness of the floor slab uses an initial dimension of 15 cm and the floor slab after VE uses a thickness of 12 cm. Savings obtained from the application of Value Engineering above are as follows: With concrete columns, the initial design cost comparison was Rp. 711,395,176 and the cost from the analysis results. Value Engineering of Rp 536,582,759, this means that from the results of Value Engineering there are savings of Rp 174,812,417, the costs obtained are smaller than the initial design costs of 24.57%. Floor Plate obtained a comparison of the initial design cost of Rp 325,855,144 and the cost from the Value Engineering analysis results of Rp 243,169,596, this means that from the Value Engineering results there are savings of Rp 82,685,548, the costs obtained are smaller than the initial design costs of 25%.

Comparative Analysis of the Use of Precast Channels and Stone Masonry Channels in the Construction of Irrigation Channels at the D.I. Kemulan Irrigation System in Kemulan Village, Turen District, Malang Regency

2026-03-02T04:53:31+00:00

This study investigates the comparison between precast concrete channels and rubble stone masonry channels in the development of irrigation systems in D.I Kemulan, Kemulan Village, Turen Subdistrict, Malang Regency. As an agrarian region, Kemulan heavily relies on efficient irrigation to support its main agricultural commodities such as rice, corn, and horticulture. The study evaluates the optimal dimensions, discharge capacity, cost efficiency, and construction duration of both channel types. The findings aim to offer an efficient and sustainable solution for irrigation infrastructure, enhancing agricultural productivity. The methodology includes hydrological analysis, material cost comparison, and construction planning. Results show that while precast channels offer faster construction and lower long-term maintenance, rubble stone masonry remains competitive in initial cost under certain site conditions. This research provides practical recommendations for irrigation infrastructure planning, particularly in regions with similar geographic and economic characteristics.

Cost Optimization of Drainage Project Implementation Using the Trade Cost Trade Off (TCTO) Method

2026-03-02T05:54:23+00:00

The development of urban areas is intrinsically linked to the availability of adequate basic infrastructure that supports the social, economic, and environmental functions of a community. Among such infrastructure, drainage systems play a critical role in ensuring the comfort and safety of urban environments. Ponorogo Regency, located in East Java, frequently experiences seasonal flooding and waterlogging, particularly in the areas of Jalan Letjend Suprapto and Jalan Menur. These issues are primarily attributed to insufficient channel capacity, blockages caused by waste accumulation, and inadequate planning in the construction of drainage covers. In response, the local government has undertaken efforts to construct new drainage systems. However, the implementation of these projects often encounters significant financial constraints. Consequently, there is a need to formulate an effective acceleration strategy that maintains a focus on cost efficiency. This study aims to optimize the implementation of drainage construction projects through the application of the Trade Cost Trade Off (TCTO) method, which seeks to achieve a balance between increased project costs and reduced completion time. The analysis was conducted by identifying project activities suitable for acceleration and comparing the cost and duration of the project under normal conditions and after the application of the TCTO method. The results indicate that under normal conditions, indirect costs amounted to Rp.265,594,139.06 and direct costs to Rp.2,390,347,251.56. After implementing the TCTO method and reducing the project duration, direct costs increased to Rp.2,401,108,332.64, while indirect costs decreased to Rp.254,833,057.98. These findings demonstrate that the TCTO method can contribute to overall cost efficiency in accelerated infrastructure projects.

Analysis Of Road Damage Using Pavement Condition Index (PCI) And Surface Distress Index (SDI) Methods on The Tambakboyo Highway Section, Lamongan Regency

2026-03-02T06:08:25+00:00

Roads as one of the transportation infrastructures and part of the national transportation system have an important role, especially in supporting the economic, social, cultural and environmental sectors. Realizing the importance of the role of highway infrastructure in national development, including regional development, especially in Lamongan Regency, the stages of road planning, implementation and maintenance activities should be handled properly so that the road service capacity can meet the expectations of road users. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the road from the type and level of damage on the Tambakboyo Highway, Lamongan Regency. The methods used in this study were the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method and the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method. Tambakboyo Highway STA 0+000 – 1+400 with a width of 5 meters is divided into 7 segments with a road length each segment of 200 meters. 4 types of damage were found, namely grain detachment, longitudinal/transverse cracks, holes, and patches with the results of the percentage of PCI damage values categorized as Satisfactory because they showed an average value of 79.86 with a proposed repair in the form of Patches. Meanwhile, the SDI value is categorized as Good because it shows an average value of 32.14 with a proposed repair in the form of Routine Maintenance. In the analysis of the repair budget plan, the cost was obtained at Rp. 5,440,000, the largest cost component is in STA 0+600 – 0+800 according to the pavement condition that requires patching and periodic maintenance.

Pavement Thickness Design Analysis Using Existing Pavement Structures for Road Upgrading on Kedamean–Sidoraharjo–Randegan Road, Gresik Regency

2026-03-02T06:30:08+00:00

This study focuses on analyzing the required pavement thickness for upgrading both rigid and flexible pavement structures on the Kedamean–Sidoraharjo–Randegan road in Gresik Regency, East Java. The approach emphasizes the reuse of existing pavement layers to optimize construction efficiency and reduce costs. This strategy aligns with the principles of sustainable infrastructure development, minimizing the need for full-depth reconstruction while maintaining structural performance. The analysis was carried out using the 2017 Indonesian Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ 2017) for flexible pavement and Pd T-14-2003 for rigid pavement. Field data such as Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) results, traffic load projections, and subgrade support values were utilized to determine the structural capacity of the existing pavement layers. These were then incorporated into the new design to calculate the required additional thickness, considering traffic projections for both 20-year and 40-year service life. Findings from this study demonstrate that the incorporation of existing pavement structures can significantly reduce the required thickness of new pavement layers, thereby lowering material usage and construction duration. The outcomes are expected to support decision-making for future road improvement projects by presenting a more sustainable and cost-effective pavement design method suited to regional conditions.

Project Scheduling Evaluation Using the CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) Methods on the Reconstruction of the Buareno – Kadungrejo Road, Bojonegoro

2026-03-02T06:38:48+00:00

Construction project scheduling is a crucial part of project management that requires careful planning to complete the project on time and within the predetermined budget. The Baureno - Kadungrejo Road Reconstruction Project in Bojonegoro Regency faces various challenges in managing time and resources, leading to delays in the project's implementation. These issues are primarily caused by external uncertainties such as unpredictable weather conditions and limited available resources. To address these scheduling management problems, one effective method is the Critical Path Method (CPM). The CPM approach uses a deterministic method, meaning the data and assumptions used are reliable and definite. The data collected for this study includes project reports, direct field observations, and calculations performed using POM-QM software. By applying the CPM method, it is possible to obtain a clearer picture of the activity sequence, individual activity durations, and the critical path that most significantly influences the overall project completion time. This research aims to determine an optimal construction duration for the Baureno - Kadungrejo Road Reconstruction Project in Bojonegoro Regency. Based on the analysis and simulations conducted, the optimal duration for completing the project is 25 days. The project schedule, developed through network planning, also identified several activities on the critical path, specifically activities coded A, C, D, E, and F. These activities are the main factors affecting the project's completion time and need to be managed effectively to ensure the project finishes on schedule.

Impact of Variation Orders on Construction Project Schedule in Tulungagung

2026-03-02T06:46:06+00:00

Construction projects often face challenges that affect their timely completion, one of which is the occurrence of a Variation Order (VO). A Variation Order refers to changes or additions to the scope of work beyond the initial contractual agreement, which can impact the project duration. The objective of this research is to analyze how Variation Orders affect project scheduling. This research used quantitative methods to analyze how Variation Orders influence the project schedule based on time deviations found in construction documents. The data used are secondary in nature, obtained from project-related documents such as Change Order, Shop Drawings, Budget Plan Documents (RAB), and Time Schedules. Time analysis is conducted by comparing the planned schedule with the actual schedule after the occurrence of Variation Orders. The results indicate that Variation Orders led to delays in overall project completion, shifting the planned completion date from September 1, 2024, to March 19, 2025, for a project that originally began on September 25, 2023.

Evaluation of Criteria Weights for Green Construction Implementation in Surabaya Using a Fuzzy Approach

2026-03-02T07:04:26+00:00

The rapid growth of the construction sector in Indonesia has contributed to national development, but it has also caused negative impacts on the environment, such as global warming. To mitigate these impacts, innovation is needed through the implementation of green construction an environmentally friendly and efficient construction management strategy aimed at supporting sustainable development. This study aims to analyze respondent assessment data in the decisionmaking process related to the implementation of green construction in Surabaya City by calculating the criteria weight values. This descriptive quantitative study aims to determine respondents preferences regarding the implementation of green construction in Surabaya City. A total of 60 respondents were selected as the sample using purposive sampling based on their active involvement in construction projects. Based on the analysis using the fuzzy method, it shows that the criterion of land management (Y1) has a weight of 0.199, construction waste management (Y2) has a weight of 0.160, the use of environmentally friendly materials (Y3) has a weight of 0.192, waste handling system (Y4) has a weight of 0.185, cost (Y5) has a weight of 0.147, environmentally friendly construction management (Y6) has a weight of 0.116, and awareness of implementing environmentally friendly construction (Y7) has a weight of 0. The result of analysis that the land management criterion (Y1) is the most dominant indicator of green construction implementation in Surabaya City, while the awareness of implementing environmentally friendly construction criterion (Y7) has a very low weight, so its role as an indicator in this study is considered less significant.

The Influence of Bamboo Leaf Ash as a Cement Substitute on the Compressive Strength of Flowable Concrete

2026-03-02T07:15:38+00:00

Concrete plays important role in development of technology in construction in Indonesia, concrete offers advantages where constituent materials are easily available in various regions of Indonesia and price is cheaper than other construction materials, but concrete also has several problems, namely the constituent materials of concrete are made from non-renewable resources and in the implementation of ordinary concrete materials cannot optimally enter between reinforcement so that the strength of the structure is not optimal. use of flowable concrete with partial substitution of cement using bamboo leaf ash offers a solution to the problems encountered at the time of implementation. In this study,effect of using flow concrete with partial cement substitution using bamboo leaf ash will be examined and will be compared with normal flow concrete without a mixture of bamboo leaf ash, the method used is bamboo leaf ash which has been burned into powder, then combustion is carried out using a furnace with a temperature of 700°C for 2hours so that silica content is high and then divided into several variations of cement substitution, namely 0%,2.5%,6%,8.5%,10% and obtained an optimal increase in compressive strength in a mixture of 2.5% bamboo leaf ash with a value of 14.78 Mpa.

Analysis of Project Time Acceleration Using the Crashing Method in the Construction of The Green Leaf Regency Shophouses, Surabaya

2026-03-02T07:28:20+00:00

Along with the development of the era, more and more construction projects are built to meet all human needs, ranging from residential homes to business places or public service places. The Green Leaf Regency Shophouse development project located on JL. Raya Pandugo No. 72, Surabaya, is one of the construction projects with a work volume of 4,410 m2, a contract value of Rp. 4,853,418,390.00, and a planned implementation time of 330 days or 11 months. The Green Leaf Shophouse Development Project is still 45% in progress. There is a project request to accelerate completion due to consumer pressure on the project owner, which is also a challenge in itself so that the handover can be carried out on time without any delays. This study uses the Crashing method to analyze the optimum Time and Cost due to Acceleration and determine Time and Cost Efficiency. Secondary Data is carried out through the collection of Project data in the form of RAB, AHSP and Time Schedule / S curve from the contractor of the Ruko The Green Leaf Regency Surabaya construction project that meets the criteria. Data is analyzed using the Crashing and Ms Project methods. Based on the analysis that has been carried out on the acceleration of the implementation time of the Ruko The Green Leaf Regency Surabaya construction project using the crashing method by adding overtime hours, the work that was accelerated to get the most optimal duration was the Pas Bata Ringan ex. Blesscon work. The results of the acceleration were 3 hours of overtime, namely 324 days, 6 days faster than the normal duration of 330 days. From the results of this analysis, a time efficiency of 1.8% was obtained. And the total cost of 3 hours of overtime was Rp. 4,847,386,076.73, which can save costs of Rp. 6,032,313.27 from the normal cost of Rp. 4,853,418,390.00. From the results of this analysis, a cost efficiency of 0.12% was obtained.

Analysis of the Impact Factors of Green Construction Implementation on Environmental, Social, and Economic Factors in Construction Projects in Surabaya

2026-03-02T07:37:02+00:00

Green Construction is a sustainable movement aimed at creating environmentally friendly, energy- and resource-efficient, and cost-effective construction processes—from planning to execution and the use of construction products. Green Construction refers to the concept of implementing eco-friendly building practices in which construction projects are planned and managed in accordance with contract documents to minimize the impact on the construction process and the environment. In practice, however, some construction projects still fail to be successfully implemented even when adopting the green construction concept. One of the main obstacles to its application is the lack of understanding of Green Construction itself. Therefore, this research aims to identify contractors' awareness of the challenges and impacts of Green Construction on environmental, economic, and social factors in Surabaya city. Used quantitative and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method to determine the impact of Green Construction implementation on these three factors. The results of this research showed that Green Construction has an influence impact to the environmental factors is 38.6%, 23% on social factors, and 18.9% on economic factors.

Analysis of Project Management Performance Using the Fast-Track Method on the Construction Project of the Green Leaf Regency Shophouse PT Yekape Surabaya

2026-03-02T07:43:57+00:00

The success of a construction project is determined by its ability to be completed on time, within budget, and with the desired quality. However, delays are still a frequent issue that disrupts project performance. This study analyzes the performance of project management using the Fast Track method on the construction of The Green Leaf Regency shophouse, a project managed by PT Yekape Surabaya. The Fast Track method allows overlapping of project activities to reduce overall duration. The research began by collecting project schedule and budget data, then conducting a rescheduling analysis using Microsoft Project to simulate time and cost impacts. The results indicate that by applying the Fast Track method, the project's duration was successfully reduced from 360 days to a shorter time frame, resulting in increased efficiency and potential cost savings. However, challenges in coordination and execution must be considered to maintain project quality. This study concludes that the Fast Track method can be an effective alternative to accelerate project delivery without significantly increasing costs, provided that management is well-coordinated.

Performance Analysis of Demak–Surabaya Road Section Using the PKJI 2014 Method

2026-03-02T07:52:26+00:00

The growth of transportation activities in urban areas has led to an increase in traffic volume on surrounding road segments. This study aims to analyze the performance of Jalan Demak in Surabaya. The method used is the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (PKJI) 2014, which includes analysis of traffic volume, road capacity, degree of saturation (DS), average travel speed, and level of service (LOS). Based on the analysis results, the highest traffic volume occurred on Monday from 4:00 PM to 5:00 PM, with a value of 4,101.4 pcu/hour. These results indicate that roadside disturbances have a significant impact on traffic congestion along this road, particularly during peak hours. This analysis is expected to serve as a foundation for government planning in traffic management.

Comparative Study of Seismic Performance and Cost Efficiency of Steel vs Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames in a Six-Story Building in Maluku

2026-03-02T08:03:10+00:00

Indonesia is one of the countries located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, making it highly susceptible to earthquakes. In the construction of buildings, especially those at high-risk areas, an effective seismic-resistant structure is essential to minimize damage and ensure the safety of occupants. One such region is Maluku, where buildings require careful structural planning. A commonly used structural system in these cases is the Moment Resisting Frame (MRF), which can be built using either steel or concrete. This study aims to evaluate and compare the seismic performance and cost efficiency of steel and concrete Moment-Resisting Frames applied to a six-story building in Maluku. The methodology involves modeling the building structure using ETABS v22 structural analysis software. A pushover analysis was conducted to assess seismic performance based on inter-story drift and structural capacity and cost efficiency was evaluated by comparing material volumes and prices. The results show that the maximum story drift for the steel MRF is 45.694 mm in the X direction and 54.654 mm in the Y direction. For the concrete MRF, the maximum story drift is 51.233 mm in the X direction and 47.977 mm in the Y direction. These results indicate that between steel and concrete MRF systems have their respective advantages. Steel MRFs offer better flexibility and drift performance in certain directions, while concrete MRFs may provide better performance in others and the cost analysis is calculated based on the cost of material usage. This study serves as a reference for engineers and decision-makers in selecting efficient structural systems for earthquake-resistant buildings.

Utilization of Food Grade Paper Production Waste Ash as Filler in Laston AC-WC Mixtures

2026-03-02T08:35:28+00:00

The increase in population and industrial activity in Indonesia has led to an increase in waste volume, including food-grade paper waste, which has not yet been optimally utilized. This study was conducted to test the utilization of ash from food-grade paper waste as a filler material in AC-WC asphalt mixtures with Performance grade 70 modified asphalt, and to evaluate its performance using the Marshall test based on the 2018 General Specifications for Road Construction (Revision 2). The waste was burned to ash, then tested for suitability. The results showed that the ash passed the No. 200 sieve at 85.43% with a specific gravity of 2.640. Marshall tests were conducted at asphalt contents of 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, and 6.5%. The VMA value ranged from 15.02% to 16.57%, meeting the minimum requirement of 15%. The VIM value decreased from 7.29% (4.5%) to 4.07% (6.5%), but only the 6.0% (4.97%) and 6.5% (4.07%) asphalt content met the 3%–5% limit. The VFB value increased from 54.27% to 73.68% and met the requirements at 6.0% and 6.5%. Stability ranged from 1316.87–1704.77 kg, exceeding the minimum requirement of 1000 kg. Flow ranged from 3.74–5.90 mm, and the Marshall Quotient value was between 289.12–332.87 kg/mm. These results indicate that food-grade paper ash is suitable for use as an environmentally friendly alternative filler for AC-WC asphalt mixtures.

Cost and Time Analysis of the Mardhotillah Islamic Boarding School Construction Project Using the Earned Value Method

2026-03-03T03:57:40+00:00

The construction project of the Santri Dormitory at the Mardhotillah Islamic Boarding School is a construction project with a contract value of IDR 6.945 billion, which is required to be completed on time and within budget. However, during execution, discrepancies often occur between planning and actual performance in terms of cost and time, necessitating a method that can objectively and accurately measure project performance. This study aims to analyze the cost and schedule performance of the project and to determine the estimated final cost and completion time using the Earned Value Method (EVM), which integrates cost, time, and physical progress elements to evaluate project execution efficiency. The analysis results in performance indicators such as the Cost Performance Index (CPI) and Schedule Performance Index (SPI), reflecting cost efficiency and schedule accuracy, along with calculations of the Estimate at Completion (EAC) to project the total cost until project completion and Estimate Time to Complete (ETC) to predict the remaining time required. Based on the review conducted at the end of February, the project achieved a CPI of 1.151, an SPI of 1.001, an EAC of IDR 6.035 billion, and an estimated completion time (TE) of 71.89 weeks out of the planned 72 weeks, indicating that the project is running more cost-efficiently and almost exactly on schedule as planned. The application of EVM enables more data-driven decision-making in managing project costs and timelines.

Comparative Study of Plain Steel Profile Composite Column and Castellated Steel Profile Composite Column

2026-03-03T04:07:07+00:00

This study investigates the axial and flexural behavior of castellated steel-concrete composite columns for application in high-rise buildings subjected to seismic loads. While steel columns offer high strength with relative light weight, their high cost remains a limitation. Castellated profiles present a potential solution due to their increased structural efficiency and reduced weight, but are rarely used in columns due to buckling concerns. To overcome this, castellated profiles were modified into a king cross shape to eliminate weak axis behavior. A 10-story school building was modeled using ETABS v22 based on SNI 1726:2019, SNI 7860:2020, and SNI 1729:2020 which adopt provisions similar to ASCE 7-16, AISC 341-16, and AISC 360-16. Structural performance and material cost efficiency were analyzed for both plain and castellated profiles, in steel and composite configurations. The results indicate that castellated steel columns improve axial capacity by 17% and flexural capacity by 52%. When used as composite columns, they further increase flexural strength by 43% and reduce material cost by 26% compared to plain profiles. These findings demonstrate that castellated composite columns are a viable and cost-effective alternative for seismic-resistant high-rise construction.

Labor Productivity in ABC Building Construction Project Surabaya Using Time Study Method

2026-03-03T04:23:11+00:00

Labor productivity is a critical indicator in determining the efficiency of construction project execution. This study aims to analyze labor productivity in reinforcement and formwork work at the ABC Building construction project in Surabaya using the Time Study method. This method measures actual working time in the field and converts it into standard time as a basis for productivity assessment. The measurement results show that slab reinforcement work has the highest productivity at 723.62 kg/hour, while beam reinforcement shows the lowest at 170.04 kg/hour. For formwork, slabs recorded the highest productivity at 63.16 m²/hour, while columns only reached 11.44 m²/hour. These variations are influenced by factors such as job position (vertical or horizontal), working space, location accessibility, and technical complexity. Non-ergonomic working positions, such as prolonged bending or working at height, also reduce efficiency. This study demonstrates that the Time Study method is effective in evaluating productivity differences based on job types. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for improving labor efficiency in the construction field.

Comparative Study of Structural Planning of Hotel Everbright Bojonegoro from Concrete Structure (existing) to Earthquake Resistant Steel Structure

2026-03-03T04:47:31+00:00

Indonesia is a country with a high potential for earthquakes due to its location at the convergence of four major tectonic plates. This condition frequently causes earthquakes, both on land and at sea, which have significant impacts on human safety and infrastructure damage. Hotel Everbright Bojonegoro is a high-rise building whose construction has been halted due to permit issues. In the initial design, the building used reinforced concrete structures. However, with the increasing threat of earthquakes, such as the Tuban earthquake and the potential for a megathrust event, it is important to consider more resilient structural alternatives. Steel structures are recommended as an alternative due to their high ductility. Previous studies have shown that steel structures can undergo large deformations without collapsing, compared to concrete structures. Therefore, in this final project, the author proposes an alternative structural design for the unbuilt Hotel Everbright Express using an earthquake-resistant steel structural system, specifically the Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) system, in accordance with SNI 1729:2020 and SNI 7860:2020. The alternative design uses KingCross 588x300 columns, main beams with WF 600x200, WF 500x200, WF 450x200, and WF 400x200 profiles, and secondary beams with WF 400x200, WF 350x175, and WF 300x150 profiles. The floor slab thickness is 120 mm. The static shear force in the alternative design is 167,716.14 kg, which is lower than the existing design's static shear force of 252,417.42 kg. The maximum displacement in the alternative design is 42.24 mm in the Y direction, which is also smaller than the existing design's maximum displacement of 47.89 mm in the X direction. Both the alternative and existing designs meet the “Damage Control” (DC) performance level. However, the structural cost for the main elements (columns and beams) in the alternative design is higher, at IDR 12,592,200,000, compared to IDR 2,618,083,250 in the existing design.

Analysis of Unit Price of Work and Implementation of Construction Projects Based on BOW (Burgerlijke Openbare Werken), SNI, and Field Project at BES Veteran Office Surabaya

2026-03-03T04:54:21+00:00

Cost estimation is a crucial aspect in construction project planning as it directly relates to efficiency, effectiveness, and project success. This study aims to compare the cost and time estimation results of reinforced concrete work using three methods: BOW, SNI 2008, and the Field Method. A case study was conducted on the construction project of BEST Veteran Office Building in Surabaya. The research method employed is descriptive-quantitative with a comparative approach. The findings show that the BOW method results in the highest total cost of Rp1.203.000 and the longest duration of 35,20 days. The SNI method produces the most efficient outcomes with a cost of Rp1.025.350 and a duration of 30 days. The Field Method lies in between, with a cost of Rp1.095.000 and a time estimation of 32,04 days, but is considered the most realistic as it is based on actual field data. In conclusion, the selection of estimation method should be aligned with project needs and characteristics to achieve optimal cost and time efficiency.

The Effect of Contoured Land on Residential Area Development

2026-03-03T05:01:18+00:00

The development of residential areas in contoured land presents unique challenges in planning and construction. Contoured land, with its uneven topographical characteristics, affects various aspects of development such as construction costs, infrastructure design, accessibility, and environmental sustainability. This study aims to analyze the impact of contoured land on residential area development from technical, economic, and ecological perspectives. The research methods used include literature studies, field surveys, and interviews with property industry actors and spatial planners. The results show that contoured land tends to increase the complexity of design and construction costs, but also offers opportunities for more adaptive and aesthetic architectural designs. Moreover, development approaches that preserve natural contours can have a positive impact on environmental conservation and surface water management. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of contoured land is crucial in formulating efficient and sustainable residential development strategies.

Evaluation of Operational Performance on the Trans Jatim Bus Public Transport Route Gresik–Lamongan

2026-03-03T05:10:17+00:00

The East Java Provincial Government has developed a public transportation system through the implementation of the Trans Jatim Bus service, which is designed to alleviate traffic congestion and reduce traffic accidents. On August 20, 2022, the Trans Jatim Bus service officially started operating, and from August 9, 2024, the new Gresik-Lamongan route was introduced. The presence of this service has received a positive response from the public, as indicated by the high ridership levels, as shown by the high level of enthusiasm in its use. However, potential problems such as high passenger volumes, long waiting times, and limited bus capacity cannot be avoided. This study aims to evaluate the operational performance of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor IV on the Gresik-Lamongan route using performance indicators based on national transportation standards. The evaluation is carried out by analyzing key performance indicators, such as load factor, travel time, waiting time, travel speed, headway, and service frequency. The evaluation results will be compared with the standards set in SK.687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002. The results show that several indicators did not meet the standards, including the load factor (63%), average waiting time (24 minutes), headway (20 minutes), and service frequency (3 vehicles/hour). Meanwhile, the indicators that met the standards were travel time (1 hour 49 minutes) and travel speed (28.4 km/hour). These findings indicate the need for service improvements in order to meet the established operational standards and to enhance user satisfaction

The Aspect of Using ACP Building Envelope Material for Energy Efficiency Actually Spoils the Aesthetics Because of “ACP Drooling”

2026-03-03T05:36:18+00:00

Building facades or envelopes play an important role in supporting the realization of energy-efficient green buildings. Apart from being a protective element, the facade also functions to regulate natural lighting, ventilation, and reduce exposure to heat radiation. Aluminum Composite Panel (ACP) is one of the most popular facade materials used because it is lightweight, durable, and flexible in design. However, in the context of sustainability, there is an aesthetic issue referred to as the “ACP drooling” phenomenon - the appearance of vertical stains due to dust adhering to the sealant and being carried away by rainwater. This phenomenon reduces the visual quality of the building and is one of the reasons for the low interest in using ACP in façade retrofit projects for green buildings, especially in tropical regions with high pollution levels. This research aims to analyze the role of ACP-based facades in supporting building energy efficiency as well as evaluating the factors causing the appearance of “drooling” stains. The research methods included field observation, visual documentation, as well as a technical review of the panel connection design, installation angle, and sealant quality. The results of the analysis showed that the main problems stemmed from the non-waterproof joint detail design, inappropriate sealant selection, and non-optimal panel slope. This research recommends improving the quality of detail design, using sealants with pollution-resistant specifications, and periodic maintenance systems to maintain the aesthetic and functional performance of ACP. With the right approach, ACP facades still have great potential as green building envelope elements that support sustainable energy efficiency.

Earned Value Analysis of Time and Cost on The Green Leaf Regency Shophouse Construction Project, Surabaya

2026-03-03T05:45:07+00:00

The Green Leaf Regency Shophouse construction project requires effective time and cost management due to the involvement of various resources, including materials, labor, and tools. For this reason, an accurate method of monitoring and controlling project progress is required. With the increasing complexity and scale of projects, effective methods for evaluating project performance are urgently needed. One method that can be used is Earned Value Analysis (EVA), which integrates the measurement of time and cost performance simultaneously. This research focuses on analyzing the application of the Earned Value Analysis method in the The Green Leaf Regency Shophouse construction project by PT Yekape Surabaya. By utilizing EVA, the study aims to provide a more comprehensive picture of time and cost efficiency in the project. In this study, three main indicators were calculated, namely Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV), and Actual Cost (AC) to assess the efficiency of time and cost performance in the construction project using EVA. The results of the analysis show how efficiently the project was executed compared to the initial planning. The findings are expected to provide useful insights in the management of construction projects in the future, particularly in terms of cost and time control to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of project implementation.

Assessing Resilience in Sustainable Community Spaces

2026-03-03T06:01:43+00:00

This research explores the application of resilient and sustainable architectural principles in post-disaster community recovery facilities through a case study of the Community Learning Center (CLC) in Rembitan, Central Lombok. Built in response to the devastating 2018 earthquake in Lombok, the CLC represents a collaborative effort among architects, local communities, local governments, and non-governmental organizations to establish a learning and empowering space resilient to future disasters. Employing a qualitative approach with case study methodology, this study involves in-depth interviews, participatory observation, focus group discussions, and documentation analysis. Findings reveal that the CLC serves not only as a physical facility but also as a social catalyst for community recovery by enhancing skills, social solidarity, and access to education. Challenges in implementation include resource limitations and stakeholder interest disparities, which can be addressed through participatory design and locally grounded strategies. The study concludes that inclusive and adaptive community spaces hold significant potential to enhance disaster resilience and can be replicated in other disaster-prone regions with similar social and environmental conditions.

Evaluation of Material Waste in the Renovation Project of the BJKW Building, East Java Province Using Pareto Method and Fishbone Diagram

2026-03-03T06:16:12+00:00

Material is one of the main resources in construction projects, serving as a fundamental component in building structures. Proper planning and supervision in material usage are essential to prevent waste and minimize material loss. A high level of material waste can have a significant negative impact, particularly on the financial aspects of a project, as a large portion of the budget is allocated to material procurement. If material waste is not well controlled, it can lead to budget overruns beyond the initial plan, thereby affecting the overall efficiency and success of the project. This research was conducted on the renovation project of the BJKW Building in East Java. The study focused on material waste occurring in structural and architectural works. The objective of the research is to identify the dominant material waste and determine the key contributing factors to that waste. This study employed a combination of two analytical methods: the Pareto method and the Fishbone Diagram. The Pareto method was used to identify the types of materials with the highest potential for financial loss due to waste. Meanwhile, the Fishbone Diagram was applied to analyze the root causes of material waste. The results of the study indicate that the material contributing the most to waste was plain reinforcing bar, with a total residual material cost of IDR 7,227,099.75. The main contributing factors to this dominant material waste were identified as people, environment, and method

A Study of Symbols and Perceptions as an Effort to Establish the Existence of Architecture in Muhammadiyah Educational Buildings

2026-03-03T06:23:30+00:00

The architecture of Muhammadiyah schools, as a representation of modern Islamic education, holds strong symbolic potential through visual expressions—such as the sun logo, Islamic geometric facades, and distinctive Islamic ornaments—but has not been extensively studied from the perspective of user perception and institutional identity construction. In the context of urbanization and the homogenization of architectural forms, the loss of symbolic dimensions poses a latent threat to institutional differentiation based on values. This study aims to explore the relationship between architectural symbols, user perception, and the existence of institutional identity within the Muhammadiyah school environment. The approach used is qualitative-descriptive with an intrinsic case study design, focusing on three Muhammadiyah schools in the urban areas of East Java. Data collection techniques include participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and visual documentation, while analysis is conducted thematically and semioticly using the theoretical frameworks of Peirce and Barthes. Findings indicate that architectural symbols not only function as aesthetic elements but also serve as narrative mediators shaping users' collective consciousness and ideological affiliation with the institution. Symbols perceived effectively form distinctive, contextual patterns of institutional identity representation aligned with progressive Islamic values. The results of this study reinforce the position of architecture as a medium of cultural communication and offer a meaning-centered design approach for the development of contextual and character-based Islamic schools.

Cost Acceleration Analysis Using the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Time-Cost Trade Off (TCTO) on the Malaka Regency Regent's Office Construction Project

2026-03-03T06:39:06+00:00

The construction of the Malaka Regency Regent's Office has faced significant challenges, including frequent project delays due to various factors such as design changes, unpredictable weather conditions, labor shortages, and inadequate materials or equipment. These issues have caused inefficiencies in time and cost management, highlighting the need for effective project management strategies. This research applies the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) Method to analyze the project timeline, identify the critical path, and propose measures for project acceleration. By using CPM and TCTO, the project schedule was meticulously reviewed and optimized, This research applies the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) Method to analyze the project timeline, identify the critical path, and propose measures for project acceleration. By using CPM and TCTO, the project schedule was meticulously reviewed and optimized, The cost acceleration needed to complete the expedited construction project ofthe Malaka Regent's office is IDR 55,681,744,240.39. The acceleration of the implementation using the Critical Path Method (CPM) resulted in this amount, while the cost acceleration using the.Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) method with the alternative of adding work shifts and overtime resulted in an amount of IDR 54,681,774,240.39.Based on the research results, the following suggestions can be considered for future researchers: it is necessary to use other acceleration methods, not just the time and cost acceleration methods with the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) method.The results show the effectiveness of CPM and TCTO in streamlining construction project schedules and reducing delays. Additionally, this study provides a practical framework for addressing time and cost delays in construction projects, especially in the context of public infrastructure development.

Analysis of the Influence of Material Management in Improving the Performance of School Building Construction Implementation in Surabaya

2026-03-03T06:50:35+00:00

The development and competition in the world of contractors is very tight, for that a real breakthrough is needed in budget efficiency, namely by managing it well. To realize the perfection and optimization of the company is done with three events, namely time management, cost management and material management. In this case, it is focused on material management, how much influence it has on the performance of the implementation of work in the construction of school buildings in Surabaya. This study was conducted on the construction of buildings, especially school buildings, because school buildings are classified as unique, namely in general the design and structure of the building are typical, starting from the first floor and so on, this can be done by saving materials so that spending can be reduced The following regression conclusions are obtained: Y1 = 1,360+0,187X_1+0,425X_2-0,124X_3+0,402X_4-0,190X_5-0,097X_6, where the constant value is 1.360 and the variables X_1, X_2, X_4 have a positive (+) value, meaning that if the variable is carried out, it will have a positive impact of the value inherent in the equation, conversely X_3, X_5, X_6 have a negative (-) value, meaning that if the variable is not carried out, it will have a negative impact on performance of the value inherent in the variable. The results obtained from the study showed that the variables used as independent variables, in this case material management, had an effect on the dependent variable with a correlation result of 55.7%.

Time Analysis of the Karangnongko Dam Construction Package 2 in Bojonegoro and Blora Regencies

2026-03-03T07:02:00+00:00

As part of a strategic infrastructure development effort, the construction of the Karangnongko Dam is not only intended to strengthen food security but also expected to increase investment and economic growth in the Bojonegoro and Blora regencies. During its construction period, the project encountered various technical and administrative challenges that led to delays in project completion. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the time required to effectively complete the entire construction work. To determine the most effective and efficient relationship between project cost and duration, this study use the Time Cost Trade-Off (TCTO) method. The analysis focuses on primary activities located on the critical path, as these activities have a significant impact on the overall project completion time. Acceleration strategies are simulated through two simulation: increasing the number of heavy equipment units with a two-shift working system, and increasing the number of heavy with an additional four hours of overtime. The two simulated scenarios proved to be effective in reducing project completion time compared to execution without acceleration strategies. The results of this analysis can serve as a technical basis for stakeholders in formulating decisions to control delays during the construction phase.

Time Efficiency Analysis of Erection Method in Malo Bojonegoro Bridge Construction

2026-03-03T07:09:07+00:00

This study presents a comparative analysis of erection methods in the construction of the Malo Bojonegoro Arch Bridge, a 145-meter steel bridge spanning the Bengawan Solo River without intermediate piers. The project initially experienced delays due to the use of inadequate equipment, prompting the evaluation of alternative erection strategies. This study aims to assess the time efficiency of two approaches: a 250-ton crawler crane operated from land, and a modular pontoon system combined with a 100-ton crawler crane deployed on water. A quantitative method is applied, using empirical field data to compare the total erection duration and calculate the percentage improvement in time performance. The crawler crane method completed the erection in 181 days, while the pontoon-based method took 203 days, resulting in an efficiency improvement of 10.84%. These findings highlight the importance of selecting an erection method that is in line with local site constraints, especially in environments with limited land access and high logistical complexity. This study provides practical insights for bridge construction planning under similarly challenging conditions, emphasizing how method selection affects not only time but also project operational feasibility and risk management.

Analysis of Heavy Equipment Productivity on the Continuation Project of Road Improvement in the Kalibasau – Putri Nurah Area, Gunung Tabur District, Berau Regency

2026-03-03T07:20:11+00:00

The rapid population growth in Indonesia, as a developing country, has driven the increasing demand for infrastructure, particularly road construction. This study aims to analyze the productivity of heavy equipment during the Class B aggregate base course work in the continuation project of road improvement in the Kalibasau–Putri Nurah area, Gunung Tabur District, Berau Regency. The method employed is a descriptive approach with data collection techniques including literature review, field observation, and interviews. The analysis was conducted by comparing actual and planned productivity based on technical formulas and the reference of Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No. 28/PRT/M/2016. The results indicate that all types of heavy equipment experienced a decrease in productivity compared to the planned values: Wheel Loader by -63.4%, 8 m³ Dump Truck by -38.44%, Motor Grader by -37.38%, and Vibratory Roller by -75.27%. This discrepancy reflects the existence of both technical and non-technical factors in the field that were not fully accounted for during the initial planning. These findings serve as a crucial basis for formulating strategies to improve the operational efficiency of heavy equipment and to develop more realistic and adaptive planning for road construction projects in response to field conditions.

Time Efficiency Analysis of Erection Method in Malo Bojonegoro Bridge Construction

2026-03-03T07:26:14+00:00

The traditional settlement of Taneyan Lanjhang in Madura is a form of vernacular architecture that is rich in socio-cultural values and adaptive practices to the dry tropical environment. However, the development of modern architecture and social change have shifted these traditional spatial practices, causing the loss of local identity and the ecological potential they contain. Amid the need for contextual and sustainable settlement development, it is important to re-explore local spatial practices that are responsive to culture and climate. This study aims to: (1) identify building orientation patterns and spatial planning in Taneyan Lanjhang; (2) analyze their relationship with the socio-cultural values of the Madurese community; (3) examine the form of ecological adaptation reflected in its spatial configuration; and (4) compile recommendations for contextual settlement design based on local wisdom. The study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with architectural ethnographic nuances. Data collection techniques include literature studies, participatory observation, in-depth interviews with residents and community leaders, and visual documentation of the Taneyan Lanjhang complex in the Madura region. The analysis was conducted spatially and thematically to reveal the relationship between spatial practices, social values, and ecological adaptation strategies.

Cost Analysis of Clean Water Distribution Pipe Variants Using Value Engineering Method in Rungkut Industrial Area, Surabaya

2026-03-03T07:33:22+00:00

This study analyzes the cost and time efficiency of the clean water distribution system in the Rungkut industrial area, Surabaya, by applying the Value Engineering (VE) method. The main objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance of three types of commonly used pipes, namely HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), uPVC (unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride), and GI (Galvanized Iron), in order to determine the most optimal alternative without reducing the function or quality of the clean water distribution system. Data collection was carried out through a combination of methods, namely distributing questionnaires to professional respondents in the fields of civil engineering and water installations, direct interviews with parties related to the project, and analysis of technical documents and costs from actual projects. The data obtained were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method to assess several important aspects, such as cost efficiency, ease of installation, and material durability. In addition, a comparison of the implementation time for each type of pipe was also carried out. The results of the study showed that HDPE pipes have better cost and time efficiency than other pipes. The cost difference between HDPE and uPVC pipes is Rp 1,407,577, while with GI pipes it is Rp 731,885.

Analysis of Traffic Growth on the Age of the Plan and Design of Improvement of Dupak Road in Surabaya City

2026-03-03T07:39:36+00:00

The 1,883-meter-long section of Jalan Dupak Surabaya, from the toll exit to Pasar Turi, consists of rigid pavement (STA 0+000–0+933) built in 2023, and flexible pavement (STA 0+933–1+883) which is currently cracked and collapsed. This study aims to analyze the average daily traffic volume (LHR) in 2023 and 2025 to obtain the traffic growth rate that affects the life of the rigid pavement plan for 40 years. This section is a primary arterial road with heavy traffic from various types of vehicles. The method used in this study is to use the road pavement design manual method (MDPJ) in 2024, analysis of Average Daily Traffic (LHR) data, calculation of the Number of Commercial Vehicle Axis Groups (JSKN),. In addition, a rigid pavement structure design was also carried out that took into account the condition of the underground soil and the projected traffic load during the 40-year life of the road plan. The results of the study show that the traffic growth rate of 5.6% per year has an impact on reducing the life of the road pavement plan. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the life of the road plan decreased by 2.05 years from the total plan life of 40 years, leaving the effective life of the plan of 37.85 years. Based on these conditions, a rigid pavement structure design plan was carried out that was adjusted to traffic load and soil conditions. The final design shows the need for a concrete slab with a thickness of 300 mm, which is supported by a bottom foundation in the form of thin concrete 150 mm thick.

Risk Management Analysis and Mitigation Cost Calculation in the Riyadlus Sholihin Islamic Boarding School Dormitory Construction Project

2026-03-03T08:11:26+00:00

Construction projects often encounter a range of challenges that can threaten the success of their implementation, with delay being one of the most significant risks. Such delays may directly lead to increased project costs, compromised quality, and disruption of scheduled project completion. This was evident in the construction of the Santri Dormitory at the Riyadlus Sholihin Islamic Boarding School, where delays persisted despite the implementation of acceleration measures. Therefore, identifying risks systematically and developing effective mitigation strategies is crucial to anticipate and manage potential barriers during the construction process. This research applies a descriptive quantitative method, using questionnaires distributed to project stakeholders for data collection. The Severity Index (SI) method is utilized to evaluate the probability and impact of each risk variable. The results are then plotted on a Probability-Impact Matrix to determine the severity of each risk. Five risks categorized as "very high" were selected for further examination, where suitable mitigation strategies were designed and the necessary contingency costs estimated using the single value method, following approaches from previous research. The study revealed five key risks, such as the development of inadequate work methods, lack of coordination between departments, and low workforce productivity. The mitigation measures proposed are considered practical and feasible, with an estimated mitigation cost of IDR 43,950,000, representing 0.541% of the total project budget. These findings indicate that applying structured and quantifiable risk management can effectively reduce delay impacts and contribute significantly to the overall success of the project.

Local Material Tectonics as an Aspect in Supporting Sustainable Architecture

2026-03-03T08:48:22+00:00

The construction sector is responsible for 39% of global carbon emissions, with 11% coming from embodied carbon materials. Local material tectonics has the potential to be a key aspect supporting sustainable architecture through optimizing the specific characteristics of local materials. This study analyzes the role of local material tectonics as a supporting aspect in achieving sustainable architecture goals in Indonesia. Through a qualitative approach with a comprehensive literature review and documentary case study analysis of three projects: Gando School Library Burkina Faso (local brick tectonics), Green School Bali (sustainable bamboo tectonics), and Bambu Indah Resort (bamboo-wood hybrid tectonics), this study identifies three main implementation strategies. First, material selection based on tectonic performance that considers thermal performance, structural efficiency, and local availability. Second, integration of climate-responsive construction details through natural ventilation systems and layered weather barriers. Third, the application of a modular-reversible system that supports long-term adaptability. The findings show that local material tectonics can reduce transport energy by up to 80%, increase durability by 2-3 times through climate responsiveness, and support the World Green Building Council 2030 target of 40% embodied carbon reduction. The research contribution is a theoretical framework that integrates the concept of classical Semper-Frampton tectonics with global sustainability targets in the context of local Indonesian materials. Practical implications include guidelines for implementing local materials for authentic and contextual sustainable architecture.

The Value and Meaning of Urban Space: The Transformation of Peneleh European Cemetery into Urban Green Open Space

2026-03-04T03:49:22+00:00

The development of Surabaya in the 19th and 20th centuries was significantly shaped by the growing demand for urban spatial functions, including burial grounds as a consequence of increasing population. The Peneleh European Cemetery, covering an area of 4.5 hectares, was one of the major burial areas of that time. This study aims to examine the spatial transformation patterns triggered by population growth and its impact on the emergence of recreational urban spaces. A qualitative research method was employed, with data collected through field observations, interviews with local residents, and literature studies. The data were analyzed using Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space, which includes spatial practice, representations of space, and representational space. The findings reveal that the cemetery’s function has shifted: in spatial practice, it serves as a pedestrian route and social space; in representations of space, it is no longer seen as a fearful site but as a space with practical utility; and in representational space, it is increasingly viewed through the lens of heritage, enabling tourism and economic uses, which may conflict with the social use of the space by the local community. These findings indicate that the transformation of space at the Peneleh European Cemetery reflects the ongoing socio-spatial dynamics of the city and illustrates how communities respond to spatial needs through adaptation and reinterpretation of existing spaces.

Financial Feasibility Evaluation of a Rural Clean Water Supply System in Watudiran Village, Sikka Regency

2026-03-04T03:58:00+00:00

Watudiran Village in Sikka Regency is a semi-arid area that struggles with limited access to clean water due to inadequate water supply infrastructure. To address this issue, a piped water network project with an investment value of IDR 1,287,269,000 has been planned. This study aims to evaluate the financial feasibility of the project using a case study approach and quantitative analysis. Data were obtained from planning documents and field observations, including population data, investment cost components, and revenue projections based on water tariffs. The feasibility indicators used include Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Payback Period (PP), and Break-Even Point (BEP). The results indicate a positive NPV of IDR 80,253,656, an IRR of 10.79%, a BCR of 1.05, and a payback period of 9 years and 1.6 months. These indicators suggest that the clean water supply project in Watudiran is financially feasible and can be sustainably implemented to meet the community’s basic needs.

Feasibility Study on the Development of the Jatiluhur 1 Downstream Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) for Service Coverage in Teluk Jambe District, Pangkalan District, and Tegal Waru District, Karawang Regency, West Java

2026-03-04T04:05:51+00:00

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of developing the Jatiluhur 1 Downstream Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM), which is planned to serve the districts of Teluk Jambe, Pangkalan, and Tegal Waru in Karawang Regency, West Java. The study includes an analysis of investment and operational cost requirements, as well as a financial feasibility assessment based on four key indicators: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), and Payback Period (PP). The analysis results indicate that the project requires an initial investment of IDR 19,575 million and is projected to generate a cumulative revenue of IDR 61,934 million over the project’s lifespan. The financial feasibility evaluation yields a positive NPV of IDR 4,269 million, an IRR of 12.7% (exceeding the discount rate of 10%), a BCR of 1.22, and a Payback Period of 7 years and 9 months. These four indicators collectively demonstrate that the project is economically and financially viable. Therefore, the development of the Jatiluhur 1 Downstream SPAM is highly recommended as a sustainable clean water supply solution for the target region.

Analysis of Material Distribution Delays on Cost and Time Performance

2026-03-04T04:12:39+00:00

This study aims to analyze the impact of material distribution delays on cost, profit, and project completion time, using a case study of the Kasai–Semanting Road Construction Project in Berau Regency. A reduction in effective working hours due to material distribution delays was found to significantly affect project cost increases, profit decreases, and extended project duration. The analysis revealed that when effective working hours decreased from 6 hours to 4 hours per day, the project cost rose from IDR 10.57 billion to IDR 15.58 billion, while profit dropped from IDR 8.60 billion to IDR 3.59 billion. Furthermore, the project completion time increased from 180 days to 270 days, indicating a delay of 90 working days. These findings underscore that material distribution delays can disrupt the overall efficiency and success of a construction project. Therefore, timely logistical planning and material distribution management are essential to maintaining control over costs, profits, and project schedules.

Feasibility Study Analysis of Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) Service Development in the Eastern Region of Bandung Regency

2026-03-04T04:18:40+00:00

The equitable and sustainable development of clean water services is a crucial factor in improving the quality of life and supporting regional development. Bandung Regency, particularly the eastern region, faces significant challenges in clean water provision due to limited resources and inadequate infrastructure. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of developing a Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) in the area by considering technical, financial, social, and environmental aspects. Primary data were obtained through field surveys, interviews, and direct observations, while secondary data were collected from official documents and government policies related to SPAM. Feasibility analysis was conducted using quantitative methods, with key indicators including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Break-Even Point (BEP), and Payback Period (PP). The results indicate that the project is financially feasible, with an investor NPV of IDR 74.688 million (>0) and an IRR of 13.34%, which exceeds the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of 10.58%. The investor’s break-even point is achieved in the 20th year, still within the 25-year contract period. Therefore, the development of SPAM in the eastern region of Bandung Regency is considered feasible and has the potential to significantly improve equitable access to clean water.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis on the Maintenance of Road Reservation Works in Kanasan – Capital of Gunung Tabur Subdistrict, Berau Regency

2026-03-04T04:24:34+00:00

Road infrastructure plays a vital role in connecting regions, supporting public mobility, and driving economic growth across multiple sectors. Well-maintained roads improve accessibility, enhance the efficiency of goods distribution, and accelerate the flow of goods and services. In Berau Regency, the quality of road infrastructure is a crucial factor in supporting community economic activities, particularly in remote areas such as Gunung Tabur. However, road maintenance in these regions often faces significant challenges, including limited budgets, difficult geographical conditions, and extreme weather. These conditions complicate road management and maintenance, requiring efficient cost allocation strategies. In the context of the Kanasan Road in the Capital of Gunung Tabur Subdistrict (IKK), proper maintenance can help extend the lifespan of the road and reduce the need for more costly repairs in the future. This study aims to analyse the total Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the road reservation maintenance project on Kanasan Road over a 12-year period. The primary focus is to determine the total LCC and the contribution of each cost component, namely the Initial Cost and Maintenance Cost. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, involving a systematic analysis of road construction and maintenance cost data. The results show that the total LCC of the project is IDR 22,811,802,000, consisting of an Initial Cost of IDR 19,528,342,000 and a Maintenance Cost of IDR 3,283,460,000, adjusted for an annual inflation rate of 3.1%. The Initial Cost accounts for 85.6% of the total LCC, while the Maintenance Cost contributes 14.4%. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating maintenance costs into long-term infrastructure budget planning, even though their proportion is smaller compared to the initial construction cost.

Analysis of the Impact of Material Distribution Delays on the Time and Cost of Follow-Up Works for the Revitalization of Pedestrian Areas and Supporting Structures in the Karang Mulyo 2 Area, Berau Regency

2026-03-04T04:31:18+00:00

The revitalization of pedestrian areas is a component of sustainable infrastructure development that is often hindered by material distribution issues, affecting both project cost and duration. This study analyzes the impact of material distribution delays on the implementation of follow-up works in the pedestrian revitalization project on Karang Mulyo 2 Street, Berau Regency. The methods employed include analysis of the Bill of Quantities (BoQ), labor productivity assessment, and simulation of reduced working hours. The results indicate that a decrease in working hours from 7 to 4 hours per day leads to a cost increase of up to 57.8%, from IDR 36.77 billion to IDR 58.04 billion. The structural division experienced the highest cost surge, reaching 34%. Material delays also resulted in decreased productivity and project schedule setbacks. It is concluded that inefficient material distribution significantly impacts project cost and time efficiency. Adaptive logistics strategies and strengthened supply chain coordination are essential.

Analysis of Cost and Time Performance in Construction Implementation Between Precast and Cast In Situ Methods in the Continued Construction of the Datu Si Panaik Cemetery Road Project, Berau Regency

2026-03-04T04:38:41+00:00

Roads are vital infrastructure that serve as connectors between various regions and support human mobility as well as the distribution of goods. Infrastructure development also plays a strategic role in promoting local and regional tourism, one example being the Datu Si Panaik Cemetery in Berau Regency. Through the Continued Construction Project of the Datu Si Panaik Cemetery Road funded by the Revised Regional Budget (APBD-P) of Berau Regency, it is expected that adequate road access will make it easier for the public and tourists to reach the site, thereby stimulating economic activity through this religious tourism sector. This study aims to analyse and compare cost and time performance between two construction methods—precast and cast in situ—used in the project. A quantitative descriptive approach is employed, with data collected through field observations, interviews, and analysis of technical project documents. The study quantitatively compares the construction duration between the Precast and Cast In Situ methods to obtain objective and measurable results. Data were obtained through field observation, interviews, measurements, and project documents such as the Budget Plan (RAB) and work schedules. The duration of each project phase—from site preparation to completion—was calculated and compared between the two methods based on actual data. The analysis is presented in the form of tables and graphs to illustrate time efficiency. Additionally, the study evaluates work quality and environmental impacts such as noise and construction waste. The results indicate that the precast method for structural work incurred a cost of IDR 151,039,617.30 with a duration of 21 days. In contrast, the cast in situ method resulted in a relatively lower cost of IDR 99,775,810.49 but required 50 days. Therefore, the precast method significantly outperforms in terms of time, being 29 days shorter, although cost savings amount to only 0.07% of the total Budget Plan.

Cost and Time Control Using the Earned Value Management (EVM) Method

2026-03-04T04:44:09+00:00

This study aims to analyze cost and time performance on the Sungai Kapih Subdistrict Office Construction Project in Samarinda City using the Earned Value Management (EVM) method. EVM is applied to evaluate the achievement of project progress relative to the planned budget and schedule by using key indicators: the Schedule Performance Index (SPI) and the Cost Performance Index (CPI). The analysis results indicate that project time performance experienced fluctuations, with the highest SPI of 1.74 occurring in week 7, reflecting excellent schedule performance. However, from week 8 to week 18, the SPI declined again to below 1, indicating delays, with the lowest value of 0.78 recorded in week 13. Meanwhile, cost performance, which was initially efficient with the highest CPI of 1.74 in week 2, also decreased starting from week 8 and reached its lowest point in week 13 at 0.78. The final project forecast shows that the Estimate at Completion (EAC) amounted to IDR 4,132,224,361.43, exceeding the initial contract value of IDR 3,599,755,960.36, indicating a projected cost overrun of IDR 532,468,401.07. Furthermore, the estimated time for project completion (Estimate at Schedule) indicates that the project will be completed in 27 weeks, which is 3 weeks later than the initial plan of 24 weeks. Thus, the EVM method illustrates that this project experienced a decline in efficiency during the second half of its implementation, resulting in schedule delays and cost overruns beyond the original budget.

Analysis of The Impact of Material Distribution Delays on Time And Cost in The Preservation Work of The Raja Alam Road Area, Teluk Bayur District, Berau Regency

2026-03-04T05:45:07+00:00

The construction sector plays a key role in improving community welfare by providing essential infrastructure such as roads, bridges, schools, and healthcare facilities. In Indonesia, infrastructure development is a national priority, but construction projects often face challenges, including delays in material distribution that can disrupt performance. This study examines how such delays affect cost, profit, and completion time in the Preservation Work Project of the Raja Alam Road Area, Teluk Bayur District, Berau Regency. The analysis uses primary data from field observations and interviews, as well as secondary data like the Budget Plan (RAB) and material distribution records. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied, focusing on changes in effective working hours and their impact on material usage, costs, and execution time. Findings show that delays reduce effective working hours—from 7 to 6, 5, and even 4 hours per day. This decrease raises the coefficients for material needs and increases project costs. For example, drainage excavation costs rose from Rp 5,535,330.00 at 6 working hours to Rp 7,642,046.00 at 4 hours. The delays also impact profit. With a contract value of Rp 12.4 billion and a target profit of 5%, delays can reduce net profit by Rp 15.5 million or 2.49%. Moreover, daily productivity drops, which extends the project’s completion schedule. The study highlights that timely material delivery is essential to maintain cost efficiency, profit margins, and on-time project completion.

The Impact of Material Distribution Delays on Time and Cost in the Livable House (RLH) Project in West Kutai Regency

2026-03-04T05:52:00+00:00

Material distribution delays are one of the critical factors that can significantly affect the efficiency of construction project execution, especially in remote areas such as West Kutai Regency. This study aims to analyze the impact of material distribution delays on project costs and profitability in the Livable House (RLH) Handling Project. A descriptive quantitative approach was applied through simulations comparing normal project conditions with scenarios involving material distribution delays ranging from 1 to 3 hours per day. The analysis results show that under normal conditions, the project cost was Rp571,693,587.77 (excluding VAT), with a projected profit of Rp57,169,358.78 (10%). However, when delays occurred, the project cost increased to Rp588,841,648.23 (+3%) for a 1-hour delay, Rp611,813,734.41 (+7.01%) for a 2-hour delay, and Rp643,961,441.36 (+12.63%) for a 3-hour delay. Consequently, the project’s profit declined significantly to Rp40,021,298.32 (1-hour delay), Rp17,049,212.14 (2-hour delay), and even turned into a loss of Rp15,098,494.81 under a 3-hour delay scenario. These findings affirm that material distribution delays are directly proportional to increased costs and reduced profit margins. Therefore, efficient material logistics management is a vital aspect in ensuring the success of construction projects, particularly those funded by government budgets.

Feasibility Study of the Construction of Nibung (Pelawan) – Simpang Km 46 (Biatan) Bridge in East Kutai Regency

2026-03-04T06:01:43+00:00

Infrastructure development plays a vital role in driving economic growth, improving quality of life, and expanding interregional accessibility. East Kutai Regency, rich in natural resources in the agriculture, plantation, and mining sectors, continues to face infrastructure limitations, particularly in its interior regions. One proposed solution is the construction of the Nibung (Pelawan)–Simpang KM 46 (Biatan) Bridge to strengthen connectivity, facilitate mobility, and enhance transportation efficiency. A comprehensive feasibility study was conducted, encompassing technical, social, environmental, and financial aspects. The financial analysis employed the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), and Payback Period methods, taking into account both investment and operational costs. The study compared three route alternatives to identify the most optimal option. Alternative 1 (A1) was selected as the most feasible alignment, with a total initial investment of IDR 394,540,113,870, covering construction, planning, supervision, and land acquisition costs. The financial evaluation yielded an NPV of IDR 48.6 billion, an IRR of 17.3%, a BCR of 1.22, and a Payback Period of approximately 8.5 years, indicating the economic viability of the project. A1 also demonstrated advantages in operational efficiency, travel time savings, and lower risk of land conflict. Based on multi-criteria and sensitivity analyses, the project is recommended for implementation as a strategic infrastructure initiative to enhance regional connectivity.

Analysis of the Impact of Material Distribution Delays on the Cost and Time of Housing Construction for Disaster Victims in Kutai Barat Regency

2026-03-04T06:15:07+00:00

This study aims to analyze the impact of material distribution delays on the cost and duration of housing construction projects for disaster victims in West Kutai Regency. Delays in material distribution are a critical factor that can disrupt the smooth execution of a project, particularly in emergency situations where efficiency is essential. The research employs a descriptive quantitative method with a case study approach, using field observation, documentation, and interviews. The findings indicate that delays in material distribution have a significant impact on project cost increases, particularly operational costs arising from the need to accelerate work and hire additional labour. Furthermore, these delays result in extended project durations due to the dependency of construction activities on material availability. Another consequence is the reduction in profit margins due to unexpected costs. In conclusion, delays in material distribution directly affect the cost and time efficiency of project implementation. The study recommends improved logistics planning to mitigate the risk of delays, especially in emergency response construction projects.

Review Design for the Road Improvement Project of Depar–Jontai, Nyuatan Subdistrict, West Kutai Regency

2026-03-04T06:22:36+00:00

A suboptimal or underdeveloped design poses a risk of generating various issues, both technical and non-technical, that may negatively impact the project itself. Risks associated with a less-than-optimal design include cost overruns, schedule delays, compromised structural quality, and the potential for workplace accidents resulting from inadequate attention to safety considerations. This study aims to evaluate and refine the technical design of the Depar–Jontai Road Improvement Project in Nyuatan Subdistrict, Kutai Barat Regency, through a Review Design approach. Project design plays a critical role in determining the success of construction implementation in terms of technical performance, cost, duration, and safety. However, initial designs are often found to be less than optimal, which may lead to cost inflation, execution delays, and other technical issues. This study involves an assessment of the existing design, particularly the vehicle pavement structure which currently uses high-strength concrete (Fc’ 30 MPa), and the development of a more efficient alternative design employing medium-strength concrete (Fc’ 25 MPa). Data were collected through direct field observations (primary data) and technical document reviews such as working drawings and the bill of quantities (secondary data). The analytical methods applied include technical evaluation, formulation of alternative designs, recalculation of the bill of quantities, and a comparative analysis of cost and time efficiency between the original and the alternative designs. The results of the study indicate that the alternative design can yield a cost saving of approximately 6.5% or Rp 238,713,086 and offers potential time efficiency through the adoption of a more simplified construction method. Therefore, the application of the Review Design approach has proven effective in enhancing project efficiency without compromising technical standards, and it is recommended as a preventive strategy in the planning of road improvement projects in areas with difficult terrain and limited accessibility.

Comparative Analysis of Cost and Time in Construction Execution Between Precast and Cast In Situ Methods on the Continuation Project of Tubaan–Semurut Road Development (Revised Regional Budget) in Berau Regency

2026-03-04T06:43:00+00:00

The development of road infrastructure is a key factor in enhancing interregional connectivity, accelerating the distribution of goods and services, and supporting regional economic growth. In Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, the continuation project of the Tubaan–Semurut Road, funded through the Revised Regional Budget (APBD-P), represents one of the local government’s strategic efforts to improve accessibility and optimize the region’s potential. This study aims to analyze and compare the time and cost efficiency between two construction methods: precast and cast in situ, applied to the project. The research employs a quantitative descriptive approach, with data collected through field observations, interviews, and analysis of technical project documents. The results indicate that the precast method is superior in terms of execution time, whereas the cast in situ method is more economical in terms of direct costs. The total implementation cost using the precast method amounted to IDR 429,225,224 with a construction duration of 17 days, while the cast in situ method required a cost of IDR 367,038,549 and a duration of 37 days. Thus, the precast method provides a time saving of 20 days, albeit with a higher cost difference of IDR 62,186,675 compared to cast in situ. Based on these findings, the precast method is recommended for infrastructure projects in remote areas or those with strict time constraints, due to its advantages in time efficiency and ease of implementation. However, in situations with tighter budgetary limitations, the cast in situ method remains a relevant and viable alternative.

Cost and Time Analysis Using the Earned Value Concept

2026-03-04T06:49:25+00:00

The construction of public infrastructure, particularly healthcare facilities, is a strategic priority in improving community welfare. One significant project in this sector is the development of the Type D Muara Badak Hospital in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. This project aims to enhance access to healthcare services in line with the growing needs of the population. However, a major challenge in its implementation lies in the effective management of cost and time. This study aims to evaluate the project’s performance in terms of cost and time using the Earned Value Management (EVM) approach. This method enables performance measurement through indicators such as Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV), Actual Cost (AC), Cost Performance Index (CPI), and Schedule Performance Index (SPI). Data were collected from project documents, including the time schedule, weekly reports, and the Bill of Quantities (BOQ), and were analyzed systematically. The analysis results indicate that the project's cost performance is inefficient, as evidenced by CPI values mostly falling below 1, indicating budget overruns. On the other hand, the project’s schedule performance showed fluctuations, with the SPI declining in the fourth month but significantly improving in the fifth month. The Estimate at Completion (EAC) revealed a notable delay in project completion, although improvements were observed in the final months of the reporting period. These findings highlight the importance of more consistent cost and time control throughout the project lifecycle. The application of EVM has proven effective in providing a comprehensive overview of project performance and in supporting decision-making for improvements and risk mitigation in the execution of healthcare facility projects.

Review of Flexible Pavement Design Converted to Rigid Pavement

2026-03-04T06:54:59+00:00

Road pavement is a critical element in transportation infrastructure that must be designed in accordance with traffic conditions and subgrade characteristics. This study aims to evaluate the application of a design review from a flexible pavement system to a rigid pavement system in the reconstruction project of the Labanan–Tepian Buah main road, Berau Regency. This road serves as a strategic route frequently used by heavy-loaded vehicles, thereby requiring a pavement structure capable of withstanding substantial loads. The research adopts a technical and economic analysis approach, evaluating structural requirements, traffic characteristics, subgrade conditions, and estimating the cost and duration of implementation for each pavement type. The results show that rigid pavement offers superior strength, durability, and long-term maintenance efficiency. Although the initial construction cost of rigid pavement reached Rp9,530,689,649—approximately 10% higher than that of flexible pavement—its longer service life and reduced maintenance expenses make it more cost-effective over the long term. In addition, the construction period for rigid pavement can be shortened to approximately 50 working days, which is about 21% faster than the flexible pavement implementation timeline, provided that effective time management is applied. Considering the technical performance, cost implications, and time efficiency, the design shift from flexible pavement to rigid pavement on this road section is assessed to be both appropriate and feasible. This study may serve as a reference for technical decision-making in similar road projects, especially in regions with heavy traffic loads and weak subgrade conditions.

Comparative Analysis of Time and Cost Performance in Construction Implementation Between Precast and Cast in Situ Methods in the Revitalization and Construction of Irrigation Channels for the Sumber Rejo Farmers Group, Tanjung Perengat Village, Berau Rege

2026-03-04T07:00:53+00:00

The development of irrigation infrastructure is a crucial factor in supporting the agricultural sector, particularly in regions that rely on water management systems to improve agricultural productivity. One of the main challenges in the implementation of irrigation projects is selecting the appropriate construction method to achieve efficiency in time and cost. In the revitalization and construction project of irrigation channels for the Sumber Rejo Farmers Group in Tanjung Perengat Village, Berau Regency, two commonly used methods are precast and cast in situ. This study aims to analyse the comparative performance of time and cost between Precast and Cast In Situ construction methods in the revitalization and construction of irrigation channels for the Sumber Rejo Farmers Group in Tanjung Perengat Village, Berau Regency. The study was conducted by analyzing the total cost and implementation duration of both methods based on work volume as well as labor and equipment productivity. The analysis results indicate that the Cast In Situ method is more economical, with a total implementation cost of IDR 1,568,880,000, while the Precast method requires a cost of IDR 2,043,560,000, resulting in a difference of IDR 474,680,000 or 23.23%. However, in terms of time performance, the Precast method demonstrates higher efficiency, with a construction duration of 136 days—25 days faster (15.53%) than the Cast In Situ method, which takes 161 days. Therefore, the selection of the implementation method highly depends on the project's priority. The Precast method is more suitable when time efficiency is the primary concern, while the Cast In Situ method is more appropriate when cost efficiency is the dominant consideration. This study is expected to serve as a reference for project implementers in determining the optimal execution strategy according to the needs and conditions of the project.

Analysis of Project Implementation Time Using the Crashing Method on the Construction Work of Sunan Ampel Jombang Middle School

2026-03-04T07:18:11+00:00

Educational infrastructure development is a crucial aspect in supporting the improvement of the quality of learning and human resource development in Indonesia. However, in its implementation, construction projects often face challenges in the form of delays in completion and cost inefficiencies, which impact the disruption of the educational process and increase the budget. This study aims to analyze the cost efficiency and acceleration of the implementation time of the Sunan Ampel Jombang Middle School construction project through the crashing method approach, namely a technique in project management used to accelerate the project completion time by selectively adding resources to critical activities. The delay in the start of a project is a major problem faced by the implementers of the Sunan Ampel Jombang Middle School construction project, resulting in delays in final completion and resulting in an inflated project value. Based on the analysis conducted, this study also provides solutions to overcome it. The results of the analysis of the Sunan Ampel Jombang Middle School Construction project obtained the results of additional working hours with a reduction in duration of 15 days from normal time to 135 calendar days, with an additional cost of Rp. 149,104,602.00 from the normal cost of the work to Rp. 2,608,373,702.00 or an increase of 0.94%. While the results of the analysis with the addition of labor obtained a reduction in duration of 28 days from normal time to 122 calendar days, with an additional cost of Rp. 163,845,745.00 from the normal cost of the work to Rp. 2,623,114,845.00 or an increase of 0.93%. This research provides practical contributions for project managers and contractors in making strategic decisions related to controlling project time and costs, and can be a reference in managing the risk of project delays in the future.

Analysis of the Time Control of the Implementation of the Crashing Method Project in the Andongrejo – Bandialit Road Improvement Project, Jember Regency

2026-03-05T03:12:57+00:00

ANDONGREJO – BANDIALET ROAD JEMBER REGENCY and as the Implementing Contractor is PT. RAJENDRA PRATAMA JAYA with a contract value of IDR 14,050,000,000 (Fourteen Billion Fifty Million Rupiah) and was carried out within a period of 181 days. In the implementation of the construction project of ANDONGREJO – BANDIALET ROAD IMPROVEMENT JEMBER REGENCY there were obstacles due to the influence of weather and other technical matters, The method used to speed up the duration of a project in foreign terms is crashing. The terminology of the crashing process is to reduce the duration of a job which will affect the project completion time. Crashing is a deliberate, systematic and analytical process by evaluating all activities in a project that are centered on activities that are on a critical path. The results of the study concluded that the addition of manpower to accelerate the duration of the project (crashing) from 21 days to 16 days led to a gradual increase in the total cost even though the indirect costs decreased. This is due to the addition of labor costs that increase every day as the process accelerates the duration. Although the cost slope per crash activity remained flat (IDR 2,769.79), the total project cost increased from IDR 634,595,472.00 at a duration of 21 days to IDR 634,669,270.25 at a duration of 16 days, indicating that time efficiency does not necessarily result in total cost savings, as the additional labor costs are greater than the indirect cost reductions.

Analysis of Duration and Cost of Turi – Pucangro Road Improvement Project Using Monte Carlo Simulation Continued with Crashing Method

2026-03-05T03:21:19+00:00

Project planning is a crucial initial stage in the series of project management activities. Even though construction project planning is done as well and as meticulously as possible, its implementation may not necessarily proceed as planned. For example, the execution of the road improvement project from Turi to Pucangro, which measures 262 meters long and 3 meters wide, also experienced delays. In the implementation of this research, the data obtained through the project was processed and subjected to Monte Carlo Simulation and Crashing Method to determine the duration of acceleration, completion probability, and the accelerated costs. The Monte Carlo Simulation was conducted using RiskyProject 7 Pro software. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation on the project duration show that the duration for the critical activity, which is the Layer of Aggregate Foundation Class S, is 9 days with a completion probability ranging from 50% to 80%. For the remaining work of Cement Concrete with Single Mesh Reinforcement (FS' 45), the duration is 2 days, also with a completion probability ranging from 50% to 80%. The acceleration program in this study was carried out by adding working hours or overtime to the critical path activities. With this strategy, the initial execution time of 45 days can be reduced to 41 days. The cost incurred for the acceleration is Rp. 11,496,452.43 or 2.38% of the initial cost of Rp. 483.551.700,00. Thus, the total cost for completing the Road Improvement Project from Turi to Pucangro after the acceleration is Rp. 495.048.152,43.

Layout Optimization and Service Simulation for Small Retail Enterprises: Improving Store Performance through SLP and AnyLogic

2026-03-05T03:41:59+00:00

This study investigates the impact of layout redesign on the operational efficiency of small retail enterprises, using Toko Pink 31 in Surabaya as a case study. The research integrates the Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) method with Discrete Event Simulation (DES) using AnyLogic software to analyze customer flow and service performance. Field observations revealed that the existing layout caused significant congestion and inefficiencies in both customer movement and transaction handling. A redesigned layout was proposed to improve circulation, reduce bottlenecks, and optimize the positioning of key store components such as cashier stations and product displays. The redesigned model introduced wider aisles, better zoning, and dual cashier service points. Simulation results showed a substantial reduction in customer waiting times, more balanced workload distribution, and increased service capacity. The findings emphasize that a data-driven layout redesign, coupled with simulation modeling, offers a practical and scalable solution for improving customer experience and operational productivity in small-scale retail settings.

Traffic Performance Analysis on the Kedung Baruk Highway Section Surabaya

2026-03-05T03:49:54+00:00

Transportation plays an important role in supporting community mobility, social activities, and economic functions. The rapid growth of population and motor vehicles has increased pressure on road infrastructure, resulting in congestion, decreased service levels, and traffic accidents. Therefore, a comprehensive traffic performance analysis is necessary to determine the extent to which a road segment can effectively accommodate vehicle flow. This study was conducted on Kedung Baruk Main Road in Surabaya, which frequently experiences congestion due to high vehicle volume and side friction factors, such as illegal parking and activities along the road shoulder. The study was conducted through manual daily traffic surveys on April 22, April 25, and April 28, 2024, following the PKJI 2023 guidelines. The analysis results indicate that the highest peak hour occurred on Monday from 17:00 to 18:00, with a volume reaching 1,959.7 passenger car units per hour (pcu/hour) on the 2/2-TT road type. The side friction condition on this road segment is classified as very low (SR) with an occurrence frequency below 100. Meanwhile, the highest degree of saturation (DOS) value was found on the 2/2-TT road type at 0.81, indicating a Level of Service (LOS) D, whereas the 4/2-T road type had a DOS of 0.57 with LOS C. The results of this study indicate that the capacity of Kedung Baruk Main Road is nearing its maximum limit, especially for the 2/2-TT road type. Therefore, more optimal traffic management is required to improve the performance and comfort of road users.

Comparative Analysis of Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton (Cphma) Asphalt Mixes Reviewed from Technical Performance and Costs in the Islands of Sumenep Regency

2026-03-05T03:55:39+00:00

The implementation of asphalt concrete road work in the island area is constrained by the availability of Asphalt Mixing Plant (AMP) and mechanical rollers that are less than optimal so that the existence of Asphalt Cold Paving Hotmix Asbuton (CPHMA) asphalt mixture in packaging is a good alternative to be implemented. The limited number of small rollers allows the production of poor quality asphalt mixtures and does not meet the required standards so that a review of the adjustment of the number of minimum compaction passes is needed to produce good quality asphalt mixtures that meet standards. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the CPHMA asphalt mixture against the number of passes and calculate the cost requirements for each number of passes reviewed. The method used is the comparative cause and effect method, the cause and effect relationship that will be analyzed is how the number of compaction passes relates to the performance of the CPHMA asphalt mixture with the VIM, VAM, VFB and density value parameters. From this study it can be concluded that the number of compaction passes and the type of compaction equipment have a major influence on the performance value of the asphalt mixture. To achieve the performance of the CPHMA asphalt mixture according to the required technical specifications, at location 1 with a 2.5 ton MBG1 type vibrator roller, a minimum of 12 passes of compaction are required with a cost of 2,624,323.12/ton, while at location 2 with a 1.3 ton baby roller, 17 passes of compaction are required with a cost of 2,716,911.00/ton.

Analysis of the Influence of Factors in the Selection of Dam Types in the Muara Joloi River, Murung Raya Regency

2026-03-05T04:03:32+00:00

A dam site location is usually suitable for more than one type of dam. Dams are not only useful but also change the landscape, store hazard risks and require large costs. Therefore, selecting the right location and type of dam is a must. The selection of the type of dam for a particular location must be based on an evaluation of the various types of dams that are possible and consider risk factors, costs, and environmental impacts. Given that the selection of the location and type of dam considers more than one important factor, an appropriate multi-criteria decision analysis is needed. Currently, the application of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) in relation to the analysis of dam construction priorities (determining the best location and type of dam) has been developed. There has been a development of a hybrid method of multi-criteria analysis using the hybrid Delphi-AHP (Analysis Hierarchy Process) technique and a preference ordering technique based on similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). The criteria, sub-criteria and sub-sub-criteria used in the study are the result of consensus from knowledgeable and experienced sources in the field of dams. From the analysis results, it was found that the factors that influence the selection of dam types are Topographic Conditions, Foundation Geological Conditions, Construction Materials, Spillover Position, Construction Implementation, Environmental Issues and Construction Costs. Both the AHP and TOPSIS methods, environmental factors are the main factors considered in selecting the Muara Juloi dam type.

Analysis of Cost Budget for Clean Water Supply Development in Telawang District, Kotawaringin Timur Regency

2026-03-05T04:10:30+00:00

The IKK Telawang in Kotawaringin Timur Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, faces problems in meeting clean water needs; currently, only 9.6% of the total population has access to clean water. This study aims to determine the amount and need for clean water for the next 10 years, as well as to make recommendations for planning a clean water supply system and calculating its budget costs. The research method used involves population projection calculations and clean water need projections, along with an analysis of clean water distribution. Data was collected through field surveys and official document references.Based on the research results, it shows the total population according to the projection year 2032 is 15,996 people and the need for clean water in the projection year 2032 is 37.39 liters/second. The total cost for the planning recommendations is Rp. 10,144,981,000.

Hydraulic Analysis for Energy Potential Study of Transmition Pipeline for Micro Hydropower at Water Treatment Plant

2026-03-05T04:16:27+00:00

The provision of drinking water from rivers is often hampered by quality issues, necessitating water treatment plant (WTP). Rivers are chosen as a priority because the distribution system can be carried out by gravity. The problem that arises is the availability of electrical energy. Because it must maintain a gravity flow system, conventional water treatment installations are built far from electricity and fuel oil access, so many do not function properly. Most gravity transmission pipelines have the energy potential to generate electricity to drive dozing pump, mixer and lighting. The analysis of the potential energy of water flowing through the transmission pipe by gravity was carried out with the help of epenet2.0 software, which was carried out carefully by entering all survey and measurement data. The results of the analysis used to select the type and power of the micro hydro as the basis for the calculation were the residual water pressure head before entering the WTP. The micro hydro was installed on the inlet pipe before the water entered the WTP, and was designed in such a way that even though the micro hydro was installed below the WTP, water could still flow in the V-note WTP. The results of the analysis showed that the water system transmission pipeline at the inlet of the water treatment plant has a head of 47 meters with a capacity of 29.5 liters/second. The loss of discharge due to energy absorption by the micro hydro turbine reaches 43% so that the water entering the WTP is 20.6 liters/second. This system has an energy potential that can produce 7.31 KW of electricity. With the electricity requirement at the WTP of 5 kW, this water system is able to meet the energy needs of the water energy that is distributed to purify the water.